North Slope oil

1
North Slope oil
The natural market for North Slope oil is Japan,
Korea, and northern East Asia, to which oil can
be shipped for about 50 cents per barrel, but
North Slope producers are required to use
domestic tankers and market exclusively in the
United States and its territories, a mandate that
has often resulted in shipping costs of 5 per
barrel. That price distortion has led to
artificially low domestic prices for heavy crude
on the West Coast, discouraging otherwise
profitable exploration and production investments
in Alaska and California. -Cato Policy
Analysis No. 227May 18, 1995- From 1996 to 2000
Oil exports to Japan and China were 7 of North
Slope production. currently there are no
exports to other countries.
2
Chapter 4 Energy, Chemistry, and Society

• Keeping America competitive requires affordable
  energy. And here we have a serious problem
  America is addicted to oil, which is often
  imported from unstable parts of the world. G W
  Bush-Jan 2006
• For far too long, America has been without a
  comprehensive energy plan, and today consumers
  are paying the price - literally - at the pump
  and in their heating bills. -Chis chocola -

3
Quiz 13 Please match the letter to the number
and write them as a pair on your card.

• is energy that flows from a hotter to a colder
  object
• is movement against a force (w f x d).
• determines the direction of heat flow.
• is the capacity to do work.

• Energy
• Work
• C. Heat
• D. Temperature

4
Where we are

• Sections 4.2 thru 4.5 today
• we will probably finish the chapter by the end of
  Next week
• You should be able to do Questions 1-19 by the
  end of today
• dont forget the Web site.
• Type in chemistry in context in Google if you
  dont already have it book marked and it will be
  the first or second hit. Take the quizzes
• Expect an Exam Week of Oct 20 probably on
  Thursday
• Bibliographies due Oct 17

5
Terms that need to be defined
Energy is the capacity to do work.
Energy is the capacity to do work.
Work is movement against a force (w f x d).
Work is movement against a force (w f x d).
Heat is energy that flows from a hotter to a
colder object.
Heat is energy that flows from a hotter to a
colder object.
Temperature determines the direction of heat flow.
Temperature determines the direction of heat flow.
Heat is a consequence of motion at the molecular
level temperature is a measure of the average
speed of that motion.
4.2
6
Diagram of a Power Plant
electricity
work
heat
We can convert forms of energy from one to another
4.2
7
The rules of energy conversion
(or why power plants are never 100 efficient)
Potential energy (chemical bonds)
The First Law of Thermodynamics Energy is
neither created nor destroyed, but may be
transformed from one form to another.
burner
Heat energy
Taking random, thermal energy and transforming it
into ordered work goes against the Second Law of
Thermodynamics.
gas turbine
Mechanical energy
Second Law of Thermodynamics the entropy of the
universe is increasing That is to say disorder is
increasing
generator
Electrical energy
4.2
8
Power plants are inevitably inefficient
Potential energy (chemical bonds)
Second Law of Thermodynamics the entropy of the
universe is increasing That is to say disorder is
increasing
burner
Heat energy
Much of the heat goes out the smoke stack as to
molecules of CO2 and H2O which are much more
disorganized than the oil, gas or coal that we
started with
gas turbine
Mechanical energy
generator
A second area of loss is the water that is heated
by the cooling of the steam back to water
Electrical energy
4.2
9
Maximum Efficiency

• For any conversion of heat energy to other form
  of energy the efficiency is given by

• The temperature is measured in Kelvin that is C
  273 K

10
Maximum Efficiency

• For a well designed plant the temps are about 550
  C on the hot side and 30 C on the cold side

• 63

• This is a maximum efficiancy other losses cause
  most plants to run at about 40-45 (See table
  4.4 )

11
Hydrocarbon fuels like methane (CH4) burn in the
presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and
water. Energy is released in this process called
combustion.
CH4(g) 2 O2(g)
CO2(g) 2 H2O(l) ENERGY
When energy is released during the course of a
chemical reaction, it is said to be an EXOTHERMIC
reaction.
The combustion of methane gas releases 50.1 kJ/g
of CH4 This is the equivalent of 802.3 kJ/mol CH4.
4.3
12
Energy Changes at the Molecular Level
The energy changes are due to the rearrangement
of the atoms of the reactants and products it
is the breaking and forming of bonds that
dictates if a reaction will be endothermic or
exothermic.
Bond energy is the amount of energy that must be
absorbed to break a chemical bond.
energy
Breaking bonds ALWAYS requires energy! Forming
Bonds ALWAYS releases energy!
4.4
13
Hess Law

• It is the sum of the energy required to break
  bonds and the energy released in forming bonds
  results in whether a reaction is endo or
  exo-themic
• More formally stated The enthalpy of a reaction
  is independent of the pathway that the reaction
  takes.

14
Table 4.2 page 182
4.4
15
Bomb calorimeters can be used to determine the
heat of combustion
If you test a reaction that releases heat, the
temperature of the water will increase.
4.3
16
Consider 2 H2 O2 2 H2O
Bonds breaking 2 H-H OO
Bonds forming 4 O-H (2 H-O-H)
4.4
17
Lets Burn Propane
C3H8 O2? CO2 H2O
18
5 OO ? 3 OCO 4 H-O-H