Anatomy

1

• Anatomy Physiology
• THE
• RENAL SYSTEM
• Dr. Jay Shahed

2
KIDNEY Location

• Just above the waistline
• Right kidney is lower than left

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INTERNAL STRUCTURE

• Cortex
• The outer layer of the kidney
• Medulla
• The inner part of the kidney
• Pyramids
• A group of nephrons.
• Papilla
• The opening of the collecting tubules of the
  nephrons.
• Pelvis
• The funnel shape part of the ureter.
• Calyces
• The cauliflower part of the pelvis.

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Microscopic structure

• NEPHRONS
• Bowmans Capsule
• The cap of the Glomerulus
• Glomerulus
• A loop of arterioles
• Renal Tubule
• Proximal convoluted tubule
• Loop of Henle
• Distal convoluted tubule
• Collecting tubule

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Functions of the kidney

• Filtration
• Filtration of plasma from excessive and waste
  material.
• Excretion
• Elimination of toxic waste
• Reabsorption
• Regulates levels of many chemicals
• Secretion
• ADH
• Maintains water balance
• Renin
• Regulate blood pressure

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URETER

• Structure
• The tube that connects the kidneys to the bladder
• Function
• Drain urine into the bladder.

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URINARY BLADDER

• Structure
• Elastic muscular hollow organ.
• Functions
• Storage of urine and voiding

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URETHRA

• Structure
• The tube that connects between the bladder and
  the Urinary Meatus
• Sphincters
• Internal Sphincter
• Involuntary
• External Sphincter
• Voluntary
• Function
• Passage of Urine
• Passage of Semen in males.

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Mechanisms of voiding

• Regulation of the sphincters
• Opening of the Internal sphincter
• Emptying reflex
• Initiated by stretch reflex
• Micturition
• Urination or voiding

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TERMS RELATED TO THE URINARY SYSTEM

• ANURIA
• NO URINE FORMATION
• DIURESIS
• INCREASE URINE VOLUME SECRETION.
• DYSURIA
• PAINFUL OR DIFFICULT URINATION
• ENURESIS
• NIGHT BED WETTING.
• FREQUENCY
• URINATION OFTEN.

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TERMS cont.

• HEMATURIA
• BLOOD IN URINE.
• MICTURATION
• VOIDING
• NOCTURIA
• FREQUENT NIGHT URINATION.
• OLIGURIA
• SCANTY URINATION.
• POLYURIA
• INCREASE URINE OUTPUT

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• PYURIA
• PUS IN THE URINE
• RETENTION
• INABILITY TO VOID.
• URGENCY
• IMMEDIATE NEED TO URINATE.
• INCONTINENCE
• INABILITY TO RETAIN URINE.

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RENAL AND URINARY DISORDERS

• Renal Calculi ( Lithiasis)
• kidney stones.
• Causes Hematuria
• Neurogenic bladder
• Inability of the sphincters to stay closed and
  retain urine.

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• Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
• The infection of the urethra and bladder.
• Urethritis
• The inflammation of the urethra.
• Cystitis
• The inflammation of the bladder.
• Pyelonephritis
• The inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney.

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GLOMERULAR DISORDERS

• Nephrotic syndrome
• Is a disorder that is due to renal failure.
• Characteristics
• Proteinuria, Hypoalbuminemia, Edema
• Acute Glomerulonephritis
• Delayed immune response to a streptococcal
  infection
• Characteristics
• Hematuria , proteinuria
• Chronic Glomerulonephritis
• Immune mechanisms leading to renal failure
• Characteristics
• Hematuria , proteinuria

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Kidney or Renal Failure

• Acute Renal Failure
• The partial failure of the kidney to function
• Reversible
• Chronic Renal Failure
• Slow, progressive loss of Nephrons
• Characteristics
• High BUN levels
• Complete kidney Failure
• Irreversible
• Needs Kidney Transplant

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Water and Electrolyte Balance

• The kidney monitors and control the amount of
  body fluid before it excrete it. ( 60 of total
  body weight)
• Intracellular Fluid (ICF) ( 2/3)
• The fluid found inside the cells.
• Extracellular fluid (ECF) (1/3)
• The fluid found outside the cells
• Plasma , CSF, Sweat, GI
• Interstitial Fluid (IF)
• The fluid found in-between the cells.

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Variation in total body water

• Females
• Contains 10 less fat and water than males
• Males
• More muscle mass, less water than females
• Newborns
• Water accounts to 80 of total body weigh

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Fluid balance mechanism

• Fluid output
• Urine volume
• Posterior pituitary gland
• Secretes ADH to reabsorb water from the
  collecting tubule.
• ECF
• Sodium and other electrolytes level in the blood
• Capillary blood pressure
• Protein concentration in the blood.

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Electrolytes

• Minerals that dissociate in water solution as
  ions
• Ions
• The electrical charge emitted by minerals that
  assist in different cell functions
• Cations
• Positively charged ions
• Potassium (K)
• Sodium (Na)
• Anions
• Negatively charged ions
• Chloride (CI)
• Bicarbonate (HCO3)

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FLUID IMBALANCES

• Dehydration
• The loss of fluid from the EC space.
• Causes
• Vomiting, Diarrhea, Burns
• Overhydration
• The increase of fluid in the EC or IF.
• Causes
• Increase IV fluid intake.