Eponymously yours

1
Eponymously yours..

• Scientists and the histological structures
  bearing their names

A work lovingly created by Joanne Manaster Cell
Biology and Bioengineering Instructor at
the University of Illinois-Urbana September 2008
2
A few notes

• I could not decide how to order these slidesby
  date? Alphabetically? By country of origin? Or by
  the order we generally present the material in
  class?
• I ultimately decided to list the discoverers in
  order of their birth year. I hope you can get an
  idea of the flow of science, if even just a
  little.

3
What is histology?

• I am anticipating that those who have a strong
  biology background will get the most out of these
  slides. However, there are still things you can
  pick up even if that is not the case.
• Especially if you have a good sense of humor!
• Many, but not all, of you reading this will know
  what histology isbut just in case you dont know

• If you can see an bodily structure with your
  eyes, this falls in the category of anatomy.
• If you use a microscope to view the structure up
  close, then you would be doing histology.

4
Some interesting facts before we begin

• Most histologists are German primarily because
  they made great microscopes.
• The Japanese came to study with the Germans and
  thus they began making great microscopes, too!
• Even though the French made great strides in
  early medical research, they were distrustful of
  microscopes and didnt make many early
  histological discoveries
• And the Russians studied with the Frenchhence..

• Studying histology was first made mandatory for
  medical students in 1893 by Johns Hopkins
  Medical School!

5
Really, I tried!

• Photos of the scientists werent always
  available, so I did my best.
• Expect a few substitutions!!
• Thanks to Wikipedia for providing the jumping off
  point for many of the portraits and scientist
  information!
• Enjoy!

• Most histological pictures come from Wheaters
  Functional Histology, my favorite text and atlas
  for this subject.
• Check out http//www.whonamedit.com for more
  eponyms.

6
Barthalomeo Eustachi1500-1574

• Italian who was one of the founders of anatomy
• Added to knowledge of anatomy of the ear
• Eustachian tube connects nasopharynx (throat) to
  middle ear to equalize pressure
• Studied development and structure of teeth
• Found the adrenal glands
• Feared excommunication from the church if he
  published his anatomy book, Anatomical Engravings
• Regardless, it became a best seller about a
  century later

7
Gabriele Fallopio 1523-1562

• 16th century Italian anatomist
• Studied the anatomy of the head and added to what
  was known about the inner ear
• Known for the aquaductus Fallopi
• the facial nerve passage
• and more famously for the Fallopian tube in the
  female reproductive tract

Youre looking at the tube in cross section. The
lining tissue is highly folded and the cells
lining the inside have cilia to help propel to
newly released oocyte to the uterus
8
The 1600s saw the advent of a decent razor
9
Thomas Wharton 1614-1673

• English anatomist and physician
• Wrote first thorough account of the glands in the
  body
• Adenographia
• Explained the role of saliva in mastication
• Discovered the thyroid and gave it that name
• Thought it was there to make the neck shapely (uh
  oh, not quite)
• Found the jelly in the umbilical cord called
  Whartons jelly
• We now know this a great source of adult stem
  cells
• Also found the submandibular salivary gland duct
  that bears his name.

Mesenchymal cells stem cells for all connective
tissue blood, bone, fat, cartilage, dermis,
tendon, etc
10
Marcello Malpighi 1628-1694

• Italian physician
• Founder of microscopic anatomy and the first
  histologist
• First to do the following
• Discovered taste buds
• Discovered capillaries
• Maybe first to see red blood cells under
  microscope
• Chick embryology
• Discovered that insects dont use lungs to
  breathe
• His name is on the following
• Malpighian layer of the skin
• Term for basale and spinosum layers of epithelium
• Malpighian corpuscles in the kidney spleen

11
Regnier de Graaf 1641-1673

• Dutch physician and anatomist
• Invented a practical syringe
• Describe functions of many parts of both male and
  female reproductive system
• Collected secretions of the pancreas and gall
  bladder
• The Graafian follicle in the ovary bears his name
• Last stage of oocyte development before ovulation

12
Lorenzo Bellini 1643-1704

• Italian anatomist and physician
• Made senior consulting physician to Pope Clement
  XI
• Studied the kidney and discovered final ducts
  before the ureters called the Ducts of Bellini

13
Johann Conrad Peyer 1653-1712

• Swiss anatomist
• Author of an important work for veterinary
  medicine
• Worked with Johann Conrad Brunner
• Random fact-
• he was a Calvinist (and so was Bernoulli)
• Found discrete tissue areas in the ileum of the
  small intestine
• He mistakenly thought patches secreted digestive
  enzymes
• Are secondary lymphatic nodules (immune system)
• All of the purple dots are lymphocytes
• Ileum is the last part of the small intestine
  before the colon
• Not to be confused with the ilium of the pelvic
  bone

14
Clopton Havers 1657-1702

• English physician
• Studied microstructure of bone
• Haversian systems include a central blood vessel
  and nerve in the Haversian canal, lamellae,
  lacuna and canaliculi
• Bone is laid down in calcified layers (like tree
  rings) (lamellae)
• Bone cells live in the tiny holes (lacuna) and
  communicate via tiny channels (canaliculi)

15
Johann Conrad Brunner 1653-1727

• Swiss Anatomist
• Studied both the exocrine and endocrine pancreas
• Removed the pancreas from a dog and saw the
  symptoms of diabetes
• But, unfortunately didnt make the leap to
  connect these symptoms to the disease seen in
  humans-oops!
• Described the tubuloalveolar glands in duodenum
• Brunners glands secrete an alkaline substance
  that helps neutralize stomach acid coming into
  the small intestine

16
Abraham Vater 1684-1751

• German anatomist
• Found the ampulla of Vater
• Juncture of pancreatic duct and common bile duct
• In 1719, he discovered oval shaped organs in the
  skin with concentric layers of connective tissue
  with a nerve ending in the center
• Rediscovered by Filippo Pacini in 1831
• Corpuscles of Vater-Pacini

17
Johann Nathanael Lieberkuhn1711-1756

• German anatomist and physician
• Invented the solar microscope
• Also invented a reflector to view opaque
  specimens easily
• Main histological contribution was discovering
  the glands of the small intestine and colon-the
  crypts of Lieberkuhn
• Main source of various digestive enzymes

18
Jean Descemet 1732-1810
Johnny Depp He has the same initials As Jean
Descemet. He likes to live in France and is seen
here with a French style mustache and goatee, and
undoubtedly has corneas!

• French physician and professor of anatomy in
  Paris
• Discovered the innermost of the corneas five
  layers called Descemets membrane

For that matter, my initials used to be JD I
would like to live in France, will never have a
beard and I do also have corneas! I also know
more histology than Johnny Depp Just a wild guess
on that one!
19
Johannes Purkinje 1787-1869

• Bohemian physiologist
• Pioneer in histological techniques
• First to use something like a microtome
• Like a mini meat slicer to section tissue
• Described the Purkinje effect
• as light intensity decreases red objects seem to
  fade faster than blue objects of the same
  brightness
• Found Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex
• Found Purkinje fibers of the heart
• Introduced the term plasma
• And protoplasm

20
And now for the sideburns and mutton chops
portion of histological history

• Except for Pacini
• Because hes Italian?
• And it truly just worked out this way! Weird!

21
Friedrich Schlemm 1795-1858

• German Professor of anatomy
• May have robbed graves to obtain cadavers for his
  research and teaching
• Injected red wax into arteries of cadavers to
  make them easier to view
• Discovered corneal nerves of eye
• Discovered canal of Schlemm
• Collects aqueous humor from anterior chamber of
  the eye and delivers it to the blood stream

22
Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann 1801-1877

• German physiologist, anatomist
• Contributed to the understanding that sympathetic
  nerves arise from sympathetic and spinal ganglia
• Found the blood vessel channels in bone called
  Volkmanns canals
• These run perpendicular to the Haversian canals

23
William Sharpey 1802-1880

• A Scottish anatomist and friend of Charles
  Darwin.
• The Father of Modern Physiology in Britain
• Spoke out about using unanesthitized animals for
  experimentation.
• Wrote many papers about cilia and its function.
• Cilia is found atop epithelial cells to help move
  items in the lumen along
• Found the collagenous bundles that anchor the
  periosteum to the bone. (1848)
• These fibers also anchor teeth to gums
• Also binds cranial bones so they are firmly
  attached but moveable
• His name is befitting the long pointy things he
  is credited with
• Probably did NOT invent the Sharpie marker,
  although that would have been a pretty lucrative
  idea.

Sharpeys fibers
periosteum
Cortical bone
24
Friederich Gustave Jakob Henle, 1809-1885

• German physician, pathologist, anatomist
• Wrote Handbook of Systemic Human Anatomy
• Published papers on new species, the lymphatic
  system, the development of hair, the formation of
  mucus and pus, the distribution of epithelia
  through the human body.
• Most well known for discovering the loop of Henle
  in the kidney that connects the proximal
  convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule
• Henles layer Outer layer of cells of root
  sheath of a hair follicle.
• Along with Robert Koch, his student, they clearly
  defined the four criteria to establish that a
  bacteria caused a specific disease.

Cross section through hair
25
Theodore Schwann 1810-1882

• German physiologist, histologist and cytologist
• Developed the cell theory
• All living things are composed of cells or cell
  products.
• Discovered pepsin
• Digestive enzyme in stomach
• Invented the term metabolism
• Discovered Schwann cell in the peripheral nervous
  system
• Provides the myelination and support for axons

Aaxon, Mymyelin (black), Nnucleus of Schwann
cell
26
Filippo Pacini 1812-1883

• Italian anatomist
• Famous, after the fact, for isolating Vibrio
  cholerae in 1854 (beating Robert Koch by 30
  years)
• Causative agent of cholera
• Studied the retina of the human eye
• Rediscovered the mechanosensory endings in the
  skin that sense deep pressure called Pacinian
  corpuscles
• Or corpuscles of Vater-Pacini to credit the first
  discoverer
• Onion shaped structures are always identified
  correctly by histology students!

27
Sir William Bowman 1816-1892

• English surgeon, histologist and anatomist
• Worked as an opthalmologist
• Started work young
• Studied the structure of striated muscle (that
  was HIM??)
• At age 25 he discovered the capsule of the
  glomerulus in the kidney called Bowmans capsule
• Also discovered Bowmans glands in the olfactory
  mucosa
• Bowmans membrane in the cornea of the eye

28
Arthur Hill Hassall 1817-1894
So sorry, couldnt resist! The similarities are
uncanny, but this little Tamarin will never use a
microscope.

• British physician, chemist and microscopist
• Made advances in public health and food safety
• Known for discovering the epithelial whorls in
  the medulla of the thymus (1849) Hassalls
  corpuscles
• function unclear
• Also Hassall-Henle bodies
• Transparent growths in the periphery of the
  Descemet membrane of the eye.

29
Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Bruch 1819-1884

• German physician
• Discovered the innermost membrane of the choroid
  of the eye that touches the retina called Bruchs
  membrane
• Basement membrane of the pigmented epithelia
  (layer 1) and the endothelium of underlying
  capillaries
• The choroid is layer between sclera (white part)
  of the eye and the retina
• Isnt the retina beautiful up close??

Sorry, this is not Karl Bruch but Max Bruch, the
famous German composer. Click and listen-very
romantic Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor, Op.
26 I like Mendelsohn a touch better, though.
Instead of angry rock music to get me through my
teen years, I listened to classical almost
exclusively!
30
Heinrich Muller 1820-1864

• German anatomist
• Found fibers of neuroglial cells in retina
  (Mullers fibers)
• They support retinal neurons
• Also Mullers muscle
• Ciliary portion of eye

• Its advantageous to be named Muller in science!
• All of these men are named Muller, the first 3
• Won Science Nobel Prizesnone are Heinrich,
  though
• Hermann Joseph Muller 1946 NP in med phys for
  discovering that x-rays cause mutations.
• Paul Hermann Muller 1948 NP in med phys for
  finding that DDT kills arthropods
• K. Alexander Muller ½ of 1987 NP in physics for
  studies of ceramics as superconductors
• Johannes Peter Muller GREAT German physiologist,
  amazing synthesizer of knowledgeread his stuff
  sometime! Many discoveries including some related
  to the nervous system and embryologyMullerian
  duct of developing female reproductive tract
  named after him.