FIELD BIOLOGY

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FIELD BIOLOGY
THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
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BIOLOGY
Bios (Greek)
Life
Logos (Greek)
Study
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BIOLOGY
Two Sub-fields
- BOTANY
- ZOOLOGY
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BOTANY
Botane (Greek)
Plant
Logos (Greek)
Study
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ZOOLOGY
Zoon (Greek)
Animal
Logos (Greek)
Study
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TAXONOMY
Original classification schemes
- were based on the idea of fixity of species.
- were based on similar external features.
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Carolus Linnaeus
- first to catalog organisms based on
thefunction of a structure.
Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778
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Carolus Linnaeus
- later others added theorigin of the structure
as acriteria.
Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778
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Origin of a structure
- Was the structure from independent
evolution?
Euphorbia African Desert
Cactus Mexican Desert
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Origin of a structure
- Or was it from a common ancestor?
Ostrich - Africa
Rhea S. America
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Is the structure anAnalogous structure
or anHomologousStructure?
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Analogous Structures
- have similar functions
- different internal structure
- no common evolutionary origin
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Homologous Structures
- have a similar evolutionary origin
- but may have different functions
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• The modern Linnaean system assumes that the more
  homologies two species share

the closer they must bein terms of
evolutionarydistance.
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• The closer they are in terms of evolutionary
  distance

the more likely they should be in similar
classification groups.
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Linnaean System

• Kingdom

- Animalia
- Chordata

• Phylum

• Class

- Mammalia

• Order

- Primates

• Family

- Hominidae

• Genus

- Homo

• Species

- sapiens
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Kingdoms?
In Ancient times
1 Animalia
Woof !
 
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Kingdoms?
In Ancient times
1 Animalia
2 Plantae
 
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Kingdoms?
By 1969 we had . . .
1 Animalia
2 Plantae
 
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3 Fungi
4 Protista
5 Monera
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Kingdoms?
1 - 4 Eukaryotic5 - 6 Prokaryotic
Today
1 Animalia
3 Fungi
2 Plantae
4 Protista
 
5 Archaebacteria
5 ?
6 Eubacteria
6 ?
1 - 4 Cell Type?5 - 6 Cell Type?
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Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
METAPROTOCELLS
Anerobic
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Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
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Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Animal-like Protists
Plant-like Protists
Fungus-like Protists
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
METAPROTOCELLS
Protista
Animal-like Protists
Plant-like Protists
Fungus-like Protists
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order Order Order Order Order Order Order Order
Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family
Genus Genus Genus Genus Genus Genus Genus Genus
  Species     Species     Species     Species     Species     Species     Species     Species  
 
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Binomial Nomenclature
- Two Latin Names genus species, to
designate each type of organism
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Species name ex Homo sapiens, or "man who
is wise"
Homo is our genus
sapiens is our species
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Define Species ?
- if two organisms can mate and produce fertile
offspring, they are probably members of the same
species.
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A few thoughts about life over the long term. . .
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Supernovas can occur approx. every 50,000 years
and can bombard this planet with up to 700
roentgens of radiation.
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Most forms of life can not survive over 500
roentgens.
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99 of all plant and animal species that have
ever existed on this planet have already become
extinct. 
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Large animals, including humans, are freakishly
rare life forms, since 99 of all known animal
species are smaller than bumble bees.
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Just THINK about that for a moment...