What is the volume of one liter

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IAEA TM, 29 31 May 2007 in Prague
What is the volume of one liter ? - Importance
of Traceability and Measurement Uncertainty in
Feedwater Flow Metering - by Masaki TAKAMOTO,
NMIJ Japan (Chairman of WGFF (Fluid Flow)
) Anders Andersson, SP Sweden
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Introduction of BIPM and (SI) Units

• BIPM was founded based on Convention of Metre
  (1875)
• The task of the BIPM is
• to ensure world-wide uniformity
• of measurements and traceability
• to the International System of Units (SI)

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(No Transcript)
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Activities of CIPM (BIPM)

• CIPM (International Committee) administrates
  BIPM (Headquarter Lab)
• Examples of Technical Committees of CIPM
• Committees for Amount of Substance (CCQM)
• IAEA is Member
• Committee for Ionizing Radiation (CCRI)
• IAEA is Official Observer
• Committee for Mass and Related Quantities (CCM)
• Fluid Flow Group (WGFF) belongs to CCM

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CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA)

• MRA is to give users reliable quantitative
  information on the comparability of national
  metrology services
• MRA is to provide the technical basis for
  agreements in international trade, commerce and
  regulatory affairs
• MRA has been signed by 45 Member States, 20
  Associate Member States, and 2 International
  Organizations

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Participation of IAEA in CIPM MRA

• IAEA has signed Mutual Recognition Arrangement
  (MRA) in 1999.
• IAEA has currently registration of 13
  Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMCs)
  for MRA in the area of Ionizing Radiation.
• IAEA has participated in 15 Key Comparisons
  (KCs).
• ISO 17025 compliant QMS (Quality Systems )of the
  IAEA ionizing radiation laboratories was approved
  in 2006 by an international panel at the request
  of the CIPM.

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Proposal of Future Collaboration WGFF - IAEA

• WGFF has many activities for international
  compatibility of flow measurement standards
• WGFF has carried out many comparisons of
  national flow standards including large water
  flow-rates
• WGFF makes effort to improve reliability of
  calibration certificates of flowmeters in the
  world
• WGFF promote measurement traceability for safety
• WGFF propose collaboration with IAEA concerning
  uncertainty and better feedwater flowmeters

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Definition of Measurement Traceability

• What is Measurement Traceability ?
• According to VIM
• (International vocabulary of basic and
  general terms in metrology)
• measurements are related to national standards
• through an unbroken chain of calibrations
• all having stated uncertainties

Uncertainty is specified by GUM

• The third requirement is often ignored

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Guidelines and Standards of Flowmeters Used for
Nuclear Power Plants

• Feedwater flowmeters of most nuclear power
  plants in the world are currently based on ASME
  PTC 6 (Performance Test Code on Steam Turbine)
• Uncertainty of flowmeter in ASME PTC 6 is very
  small and does not require measurement
  traceability
• Uncertainty of ASME MFC-3M (Differential
  Pressure Flowmeter) is 3 times larger than ASME
  PTC 6
• Difference between ISO-5167 (Differential
  Pressure Flowmeter) and ASME MFC-3M is becoming
  smaller

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Flow Measurement in Nuclear Power Plants
Re No. is no-dimensional parameter which
specifies physical magnitude of flow including
effect of flow velocity, temperature, density and
viscosity All flowmeters are well characterized
by Re No.
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Actual Calibration and Uncertainty of Feedwater
Meter

• Orifice and Flow Venturi Nozzles are used for
  Feedwater metering
• Uncertainty is given for Extrapolated Values

very difficult
Uncertainty
?
Extrapolation
Flow Venturi Nozzle
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Example of calibration result of an ultrasonic
flowmeter and extrapolation
Measurement at Low Flow rates
Extrapolation at High Flow rates
Actual Measurement at High Flow rates
Best Fit Curve
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Flow Standard at very High Reynolds Numbers
Extra Large Water Calibration Facility at NMIJ
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View of Extra Large Water Calibration Facility
Uncertainty 0.17 k 2 _at_ Max Flow 12,000
m3/h _at_ Max Re. No. 1.8 x 107 _at_ 70 degree C
4 sets of working standards consist of Ultrasonic
and Electro-magnetic meters
Ball prover system for temperature Effect Test
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Uncertainty

• Example Thermal power P Q x ? x Cp x (T2 T1)

Q
0,4
2,55 m3/s
T1
110,12 ºC
0,10 ºC
T2
180,25 ºC
0,10 ºC
?
999 kg/m3
1 kg/m3
Cp
10 J/kg K
4180 J/kg K
?
7,6 MW
746,7 MW
Result
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Conclusions

• IAEA and BIPM(CIPM) has collaboration already
• WGFF has many activities of Flow measurements
  and
• standards in CIPM
• IAEA and BIPM will be able to strengthen
  collaboration
• for safety of Nuclear Energy in the field of
  Fluid Flow
• Large flowmeters used in nuclear plants can be
• calibrated at a National Metrology Institute
  already
• Traceability will be more important for safety
  of nuclear
• industry

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Finally - the volume of one liter?
40 000 000 meter
1 litre 1 dm3