Use of Force II

1
Use of Force II

• The Political Utility of Force Today
• Art and Pape

2
Art The Fungibility of Force

• Fungibility!?!
• He made that word up, right?

3
Art The Fungibility of Force

• Wealth is highly fungible why?
• So is political skill why?
• Art argues that military power is also a fungible
  asset.
• Persuasiveness implies fungibility (206)
• What does that mean?
• Why would it matter?
• Baldwins argument on 208.

4
Art The Fungibility of Force

• Two Ways Force Achieves Fungability
• Spill-over Effects
• The banking example (force and solvency)
• The Cold War and global interdependence
• Linkage Politics
• Types of links
• Functional (oil and the value of the dollar)
• Artificial (created in the minds of statesmen for
  bargaining purposesforce capabilities as
  persuasion)

5
Pape The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism

• 3 Types of Terrorism (according to Pape)
• Demonstrative Terrorism (publicity)
• ? Brian Jenkins Terrorists want a lot of
  people watching, not a lot of people dead. (224)

6
Pape The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism

• Destructive Terrorism
• Suicide Terrorism
• while coercion is an element in all terrorism,
  coercion is the paramount objective of suicide
  terrorism (Pape in AJ, 225).

7
Pape Continued

• Five Principals
• Suicide terrorism is strategic
• Suicide terrorism is designed to coerce modern
  democracies over issues of national
  self-determination.
• For two decades plus suicide terrorism has been
  rising (because it works)
• Moderate suicide terrorism works better than
  ambitious suicide terrorism
• The most promising way to contain suicide
  terrorism is to reduce terrorists confidence in
  their ability to carry out such attacks on the
  target society (223).

8
Coercive Effects of Suicide Terrorism

• Suicide terrorists willingness to die
  magnifies the coercive effects of punishment in
  three ways (226-227)
• Suicide attacks are usually more destructive than
  other terrorist attacks.
• They signal the likelihood of more pain to come
  (since it is hard to deter fighters willing to
  die).
• They violate the norms of violence.