The day C/O L O/R

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The day C/O L O/R drained away

• visual Intelligence
• Chapter 5

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The Case of Jonathan I

• Received concussion through minor car accident
• Lost color vision and only saw Grays. Science
  previously assumed color vision represented
  inherent properties of the external world, not a
  mental construction.
• Inferior occipital lobe, lingual fusiform gyri
• V4 DisCovered to Pro Cess CO/L/OR
• When lingual fusiform gyri is magnetically
  stimulated, see colored
• R-I-n-g-s or HALOS. Light is not
  required for This.
• Damage LEFT HEMISPHERE (lingual and fusiform
  gyri)
• 
  ? LOSE color in RIGHT visual field

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Visual Examples

• The Neon Worm The Blue on the Black lines makes
  the blue appear to glow like a neon sign.
• A photometer cannot detect this
• It is our mental construction

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• Red and Black Star When the red star is made
  part of the black star, a disk seems to appear.
• Why is it such?

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• 49 Colored Squares identical inks can appear as
  different colors depending on their visual
  proximity to other colors.
• Different inks can appear as the same color,
  depending on the lighting.
• Colored squares hit by lights opposite in color
  (R,G,B,Y) will appear as a single color

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These illusions support the idea that color
construction is not an isolated event.

• When you construct color you do not just
  construct color. Instead you construct several
  visual properties at once, and try to make them
  all mutually consistent you organize your visual
  world into objects, you endow those objects with
  three-dimensional shapes, place light sources
  that illuminate those objects, and assign color
  to both the light sources and the objects.
  (Hoffman, p. 113-114)

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• I dont remember doing any of that!
• It must all be UNCONSCIOUS ?!
• -Joseph Shmofenheimer

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• RULE 21 We interpret GRADUAL Changes of hue,
  saturation and brightness in images as CHANGES
  in ILLUMINATION.
• Example a shirt that looks a slightly different
  color indoors than outdoors
•  
• RULE 22 We interpret ABRUPT Changes of hue,
  saturation and brightness in images as CHANGES
  in SURFACES.
• Examples corners, object boundaries, and color
  changes like ink on paper

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• RULE 23 We construct as few light sources as
  possible to minimize complexity.
• RULE 24 We habitually place light sources as
  emanating from overhead.
• Muffin Pan demonstrates the influence of light
  sources and shading on perception.
•  

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Rules Regarding Perceived Brightnessyou use
the relative luminances of regions both within
and between groups to create the grays you see.
(Hoffman, p. 119)

• Figure devised by Michael White, PhD

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Ted Adelsons corrugated Mondrian

• Notice how A looks darker than B
• Alan Gilchrist, PhD we group each surface with
  those that lie in the same 3D plane

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Surface colors and grays are not constructed in
isolation.

• Colors and grays are constructed in the context
  of a mutually consistent coordinated construction
  of surface shapes, surface colors, light sources
  and transparent filters in as simple a manner as
  possible.

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Why do we utilize these rules for constructing
what we See?

• We are Cognitive Misers
• Budget metaphor for the consistency each
  solution has a different cost associated with
  it.
• Set crew metaphor for the consistency relative
  distribution of labor results in different
  associated costs.
• Four markers of different subprocesses that
  synergize to construct the most specific and
  cognitively cheapest image possible.

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Transparent Filters

• Ted Adelsons argyle pattern
• Left Diamond looks brighter than Right Diamond
  because of dark filter
• Compensate for filters by calibrating inferred
  brightness

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Rules for Constructing Filters

• RULE 25 Filters dont invert lightness. Since B
  is darker than A, D must be darker than C to
  logically create a C/D filter
• RULE 26 Filters decrease lightness differences.
  Difference between C D must be smaller than
  difference between A B to construct a filter

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Spatial Relations and Filters

• Minima Rule and Part Boundaries Affect our
  construction of transparency
• Where cusps meet implies a BOUNDARY, unlike the
  previous rectangular example, because the cusps
  meet at the color barrier.

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In Summary

• For Grays and Colors, we use
• Light
• Luminescence at focal point and the global image
• Filters
• image shape

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RULE 27 We choose a fair pick thats most stable.

• Fair Pick a combination of shape, color, light,
  etc. Changing any one factor can change
  perception of an image.
• Choosing the fair pick that changes image least
  reduces number of possible interpretations and
  makes deciphering images less ambiguous.

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What Anchoring Rules are used?

• RULE 28 Determine the highest luminescence in
  the visual field as white, fluorescent or
  self-luminous.
• We tend not to Construct BLACK, but rather simply
  process it as lacking color.

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COLOR

• Color Aperture Displays show all of the colors
  that can be made, including ones we dont
  generally see in the real world.
• Color Terms
• HUE color like red, green, blue, etc
• S-a-t-u-r-a-t-i-o-n purity of Hue no black or
  grays
• Brightness visibility goes from barely there to
  dazzling
• Photometers are more sensitive than humans re
  color apertures. We see vague color BOUNDARIES,
  where it sees c o n t i n u o u s
  c h a n g e
• But here too, like us, photometers CONSTRUCT
  light properties, not merely report upon them.
• Light has no properties unto itself until an
  Observer looks at it!

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Color Solids
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Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
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Color Blindness

• Provides further evidence that we
  C-O-N-S-T-R-U-C-T color, not merely report it.
• Defective gene coding for chemicals in cones
  creates inability to distinguish Red from Green
• Since these genes are on X-chromosome, if men
  carry a defective one their prognosis is not so
  good. Since women have two sets of X-chromosomes,
  they are likely to still possess one good set.
• Further proof we construct color, rather than
  merely report on it as it actually is.
• This relates to Supervenience, in which a change
  in material biology creates a change in
  phenomenal perception.
• Implies a physicalist perspective, but how does
  it relate to the IDEALIST perspective?
• What are some implications for our collective
  reality if we can materially modify the
  functioning of our brains?
• How would our world phenomenally appear on the
  macrophysical level?

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Defective Genes

• Protanopia lacking L-pigment
• Serine Alanine versions of L-pigment
• Deutranopia lacking M-pigment
• Tritanopia lacking S-pigment

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Opponent Process Theory

• Opponent Color Scales
• Red vs. Green and Blue vs. Yellow
• Combinations of these create all of our color
  perceptions
• It is still unknown why color opponency is
  responsible for our color senses
• Why not green vs. blue, and yellow vs. red?
• If light has no properties until an observer
  constructs it, why do these rules apply?

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• Approximate Color Constancy colors change
  slightly when different light shines on them, but
  then your eyes adjust and the colors return to
  their previous color
• Linear Models linear calculations of color
  changes under different lighting regiments.
• Possibility of creating something that hardly
  changes under different lights.
• Color Transparencies
• Rule of Generic Views at work
• Obscuring T-junctions with circles impairs
  transparency and creates a non-generic view
• Hearing analogy When listening to a tone that
  gets interrupted by a hiss, if there is a pause
  between the two sounds, they dont appear to
  overlap.

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Constructing the Square
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Stereo Vision Revisited

• Transparencies appear as 3D.
• Slight changes to the edges of transparencies
  produce very different 3D images. (Harkening to
  supervenience again!)

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Binocular Disparity
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May we ALL come to SEE the apparent for what
IT TRULY IS.
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Food For Thought