Woody Landscape Plants Factors to Consider When Selecting Woody Ornamentals Dr' Laura G' Jull Dept'

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Woody Landscape PlantsFactors to Consider When
Selecting Woody OrnamentalsDr. Laura G.
JullDept. of HorticultureUW-Madison
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Cold Hardiness
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• U.S.D.A. Cold Hardiness Zone Map

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Cold Hardiness

• USDA Cold Hardiness Zone Map
• Based on average, annual, minimum, winter
  temperature
• Lower the cold hardiness zone, the colder the
  climate, ex. Zone 5 vs. 3
• Wisconsin has three cold hardiness zones 3
  (northern WI), 4 (central, southwestern WI, and
  extreme northwestern WI), and 5 (southeastern WI,
  Madison area and up into Door Co.)
• Separated by 10 degree increments

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Cold Hardiness

• USDA Cold Hardiness Zone Map
• Zones further divided up into two subzones of
  either a or b
• Separated by 5 degree increments
• Subzone a colder part of a hardiness zone
• Subzone b warmer part of a hardiness zone
• Ex. Zone 4 -30 to -20 degree F
• Zone 4a -30 to -25 F
• Zone 4b -25 to -20 F

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Cold Hardiness

• Subdivision of zones critical for estimating cold
  hardiness on woody plants
• Hardiness can vary based on only 5 degrees,
  especially with cultivars (maples, ash, etc.)
• When in doubt, choose colder hardiness zone
  plants
• Many plant catalogs and some books are incorrect
  and often over estimate hardiness zones!

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Winter Bud Kill on Forsythia
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Forsythia Sunrise
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Provenance
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Provenance

• Provenance
• Geographic origin of seed collected (where in the
  country, state, county, etc. did you collect the
  seed, i.e. latitude and longitude)
• Natural plant populations growing within a given
  geographical area over a long period of time
• Population tend to evolve and become adapted to
  environmental conditions at that site

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Provenance

• Seeds of species collected in one locality may
  produce plants that are inappropriate to another
  area
• Ex. Warm climate collected seeds seedlings do
  not stop growing early in fall, frost damage or
  death, lack cold hardiness, break bud too early
  in spring
• Ex. Cold climate or high elevation collected
  seeds reduced growth, differences in photoperiod
  response, does not break dormancy, lack heat
  tolerance

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Blue Ridge Mountains
Elevation also affects cold hardiness
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Provenance

• Variation can occur with latitude, longitude, and
  elevation
• Differences may show in morphology, physiology,
  adaptation to climate and soil, resistance to
  pests
• Crucial for native species that are seed
  propagated that have a large, native, geographic
  range
• Best to collect from a more northern seed source
  (to ensure cold hardiness)

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Provenance

• These species have a wide geographic native range
• Varies in cold hardiness, heat tolerance, and
  length of dormancy required to budbreak
• Important for seed propagation of exotic species
  (plant exploration)

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Acer rubrum red maple
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Quercus rubra northern red oak
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Cercis canadensis eastern redbud
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Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca Rocky Mountain
strain of Douglas-fir vs. Pseudotsuga menziesii
var. menziesii Coastal strain of Douglas-fir
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Genetic variation between provenances of Amur
maple onset of dormancy
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Heat Tolerance
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American Horticultural Society Heat Zone Map
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Heat Tolerance

• American Horticultural Society Heat Zone Map
• Based on average, annual days above 86F
• Lower the heat zone, the cooler the climate, ex.
  Zone 2 vs. 5
• Wisconsin has four heat zones
• 2 Northeast WI and near UP border
• 3 North central WI and Door County
• 4 Eastern, western and central WI
• 5 Extreme southern and western WI

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Heat Tolerance

• Heat zones important in southern and western U.S.
• Important in northern U.S. in urban areas,
  particularly with areas of concrete and buildings
  nearby
• Ex. Paper birch prefers heat zones 3 and below

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Native stand of paper birch, cooler
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Paper birch in an urban environment hot and dry,
prone to bronze birch borer
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Cornus alternifolia pagoda dogwood
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Populus tremuloides quaking aspen
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Abies balsamea balsam fir
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Environmental Adaptability
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Soil pH, fertility, and texturehealthy pin oak
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Soil pH, fertility, and texturechlorotic pin
oak due to iron deficiency, high pH
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Chlorosis on rugosa rose
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Plants tolerant to high pH, alkaline soils
Bur oak Chinkapin oak White ash Green ash Norway
maple Japanese barberry Redtwig dogwood Gray
dogwood Panicle hydrangea Littleleaf
linden Viburnums Spruce Euonymus
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Plants tolerant to low pH, acidic soils
River birch Red maple Black gum Rhododendrons Azal
eas Bald cypress Winterberry Rugosa rose Pin oak
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Soil moisture and drainage, too dry, not watered
first year
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Plants tolerant to drier soils
Junipers Barberry Cotoneaster Chokeberry Hickory G
inkgo Sumac Spirea Turkish filbert River birch
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Soil moisture and drainage, too wet, watered
often due to irrigation in turf
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Plants tolerant to poorly drained, wet soils
Silver maple River birch Bald cypress Willows Clet
hra Swamp white oak Redtwig dogwood Winterberry Gr
een ash
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Exposure to sun and wind winterburn on yew
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Too much sun Japanese pachysandra
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Plants tolerant to partial shade or full shade
Redbud Clethra Witchhazel Fothergilla Pagoda
dogwood Serviceberry
Boxwood Yew Hemlock Periwinkle Pachysandra
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Pest Susceptibility

• American elm Dutch elm disease (DED)
• DED resistant elms
• Morton (Accolade)
• Frontier
• New Horizon
• Morton Glossy
• Regal ?

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Pest Susceptibility crabapple diseases
Apple scab
Fireblight
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Pest Susceptibility conifer diseases
Colorado blue spruce Cytospora canker and
Rhizosphaera Creeping juniper Phomopsis tip
blight
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Pest Susceptibility deer browsing
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Road salt injury white pine
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Road salt injury maple
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Plants tolerant to road salt
White ash Green ash Honeylocust Sumacs Rugosa
rose Junipers Alpine currant
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Natural landscape created by Mother Nature
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Urban Environment created by humans
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Urban Tolerance
Able to withstand heat, drought, deicing salts,
soil compaction, high pH, poor drainage and
aeration, low fertility, air pollution
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Ozone injury on white pine
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Mature Growth Size height and width
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Mature Growth Size height and width
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Mature Growth Size height and width
Watch for power lines
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Growth Form Columnar
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Growth Form rounded and oval
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Growth Form pyramidal
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Growth Form upright and horizontal
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Growth Form vase-shaped and weeping
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Growth Form erect, suckering
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Growth Form mounded
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Growth Form shrubby
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Growth Form creeping or trailing
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Growth Form climbing (vines)
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Growth Form dwarf (conifers)
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Growth Form vs. Natural Form Colorado blue
spruce
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Growth Rate fast growing species often
susceptible to limb breakage following storms
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Growth Rate slow growing species often resist
limb breakage after storms
Ginkgo and Koreanspice viburnum
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Longevity short lived species
Crimson Frost birch and rhododendrons
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Invasiveness Native or Exotic
Common and tallhedge buckthorn and black locust
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Invasiveness Native or Exotic
Porcelian ivy and shrub honeysuckles
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Function how is the plant to be used in the
landscape
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Function street tree
Species to use Freeman maple,Turkish filbert,
ginkgo, Japanese tree lilac, Amur corktree
(male), hybrid elms, white and green ash,
honeylocust, lindens, Norway maple, Kentucky
coffeetree, Amur maple, miyabei maple, etc.
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Function accent or specimen
Plant that draws attention to the area, can stand
alone or used in combination with other plants
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Function hedges, formal or informal
Do not shear plants that can produce showy
flowers or fruit (cuts off the flower buds)
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Function defensive hedge, barrier
Use shrubs with thorny or sharp branches
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Border strip planting on boundary of a landscape
bed or property line
Edging low strip planting, defines a border
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Function foundation, placed next to a building,
soften the structure
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Function massesshrubs planted close together,
often screens a view, can also serve as a
windbreak
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Function groundcoverflat or trailing plant that
spreads along the ground, prevents erosion, sun
or shade
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Flowering groundcoverscreeping phlox and sweet
woodruff
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Function vinesplant that climbs by tendrils
(with or without adhesive discs), adventitious
roots (rootlets), or twines around a structure
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Vines grown on arbor
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Vines can be grown for flowers, fruit, foliage
color, fall color, or bark
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Specialty function espalier and knot gardens
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Specialty function pleached trees and topiary
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Ornamental Features Flowers
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Time of Flowering Early Spring
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Time of Flowering Mid Spring
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Time of Flowering Summer
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Time of Flowering Fall
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Duration of Flowers How long do they last
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Flower Color White
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Flower Color Pink
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Flower Color Red to Orange
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Flower Color Yellow
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Flower Color Yellow
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Flower Color Blue
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Fragrance place near entrance and windows
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Showiness amount of impact
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Ornamental Features Fruit, fleshy or dry
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Messiness of Fruit
Honeylocust pods Lilac capsules Black walnut
husks
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Color of Fruit White or Yellow
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Color of Fruit Orange or Red
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Color of Fruit Blue or Purple
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Color of Fruit Black or Pink
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Showiness of Fruit Display
Chokeberry, barberry, viburnums, American
bittersweet, some roses, crabapples,
hawthorns, winterberry, cotoneaster, junipers
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Edible Fruit
Serviceberry Corneliancherry dogwood Hickory Black
walnut Manchu cherry
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Poisonous Fruit
Horsechestnut Buckeye Bittersweet Snowberry Black
locust
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Poisonous Fruit
Yew Buckthorn Privet Wisteria Euonymus
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Wildlife Attracting fleshy fruit
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Wildlife Attracting dry fruit
Hickory Walnut Oaks Hazelnut Beech
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Pollination Requirements Dioecious- separate
male and female flowers located on separate plants
Ash Ginkgo Honeylocust Kentucky coffeetree Yews
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Pollination Requirements Dioecious- separate
male and female flowers located on separate plants
Winterberry holly Northern bayberry Junipers
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Ornamental Features Bark and branching, extend
seasonal interest
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Ornamental Features Bark and branching, extend
seasonal interest
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Ornamental Features Use thorny plants carefully
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Ornamental Features Foliage, Yellow
Barberry Elderberry Chamaecyparis Arborvitae
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Ornamental Features Foliage, Purple
Crimson King Norway maple Diabolo eastern
ninebark Purpleleaf Japanese barberry Purpleleaf
sandcherry Purpleleaf European beech
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Ornamental Features Foliage, Silver
Weeping willowleaf pear, avoid using Russianolive
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Ornamental Features Foliage, Variegated
Variegated fiveleaf aralia Pulverulenta
elderberry Hokuro Nishiki willow
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Ornamental Features Broad-leaved Evergreens
Boxwood Rhododendron Blue Holly
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Ornamental Features Needle-leaved Evergreens
Pines Spruce Fir Douglas-fir Hemlock Yew Juniper A
rborvitae
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Ornamental Features Needle-leaved Evergreens
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Needle-leaved Evergreens Foliage, Green
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Needle-leaved Evergreens Foliage, Blue
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Needle-leaved Evergreens Foliage, Bicolored
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Needle-leaved Evergreens Foliage, Yellow
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Needle-leaved Evergreens Texture and Form
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Ornamental Features Fall Color
Yellow and orange
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Ornamental Features Fall Color
Red and russet-brown
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Sometimes it is best to plant something else
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Conclusion Remember how big plants can get and
proper placement
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