Transcient memory:

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Lecture 32009-11-16

• Transcient memory
• Sensory register, short-term memory, working
  memory

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Plan

• Sensory register
• Iconic memory
• Echoic memory
• Short-term memory
• Working memory
• Baddeleys and Hitchs model of working memory

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Sensory register iconic memory

• Iconic memory, Sperlings effect, visual sensory
  register
• X M R J
• C N K P
• V F L B
• Whole report procedure versus partial report
  procedure

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Results obtained in the partial and whole report
procedure
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Iconic memory cont.

• Span very large (mayby everything entering the
  visual system)
• Duration (storage time) up to a quater- half
  second
• Is iconic memory the same as afterimages?
• Characteristics of the stimuli and storage time
  lighting, complexity, sense
• The effects of backward masking

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Iconic memory trans-saccadic memory and change
blindness

• Trans-saccadic memory
• Fixations last about 300 milliseconds, saccadic
  movements 30 milliseconds
• The perceptual processing of information mostly
  during fixations
• Trans-saccadic memory makes possible the
  integration of information
• Change blindness, for example in films

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Echoic memory

• Procedure of studies by Darwin, Turvey and
  Crowder (1972)
• The shadowing task (Glucksberg and Cowan, 1970)
• Span a large amount of acoustic information,
  larger than suggested by the whole report
  procedure results
• Duration up to 2-4 seconds
• Interference produced by auditory information,
  especially verbal information

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Effects of echoic memory
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Other sensory registers

• Haptic sensory memory (memory for touch) studied
  with jets of air on different locations on the
  fingers of each hand
• Olfactory sensory register measurement of
  olfactory (chemosensory) evoked potentials
  demonstrates a negative deflation 500-600
  miliseconds after the presentation of olfactory
  stimuli

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Short-term memory

• Main psychological statements concerning
  short-term memory
• Rehearsal in short-term memory is the basis for
  the formation of the information representation
  in long-term memory
• Coding in short-term memory is different from
  coding in long-term memory
• Storage time in short-term and long-term memory
  is different

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Effects of rehearsal

• Study by Glenberg, Smith and Green learning of a
  four-digit number, rehearsal of a word lasting 2,
  6 or 18 seconds, recall of the numbers. After 64
  trials an unexpected recall of words about 7-12
  of the words recalled correctly, with no
  differences between the conditions
• Study by Craik and Watkins listening to a list
  of words, recall of the last mentioned word
  starting with the letter G at the end an
  unexpected recall of all words starting with G
  no differences in the level of recall between
  words depending on the number of repetitions

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Differences in coding

• Kintschs and Buschkes experiment with unrelated
  words, homonimes and synonimes errors resulting
  from similar sounds
• In auditory short-term memory, information is
  encoded in acoustic and articulatory form for
  example Conrads experiment
• A larger memory span for meaningful sequences,
  for example IBM FBI ABC USA
• In short-term olfactory memory more errors
  resulting from similarity between odors than
  similarities between their names

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An example of material used to test coding in
short-term memory

• A mad, cap, cat, map, cad
• B pen, cow, bar, day, sup
• C big, wide, high, broad, tall
• D foul, strong, hot, old, deep

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Results as a function of similarity
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Storage time

• Brown-Petersons paradigm recall of trigrams
  after 18 seconds

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Serial position curves
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Recall after a 30-seconds delay
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Effects of additional rehearsal time on the
primacy effect
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Suffix effects with human speech and nonhuman
nonspeech sound
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Search in short-term memory

• S. Sternbergs paradigm

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Memory for serial order

• Slot-based models short-term memory is composed
  of a series of ordered slots and information is
  dropped into each one as it is encountered
• Chaining models short-term memory contains a
  series of associative links
• Perturbation model short-term memory is
  organized into a hierarchy of chunks
• Inhibition models inhibition is used to recover
  serial order the repetition blindness phenomenon
• Context-based models

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Working memoryBaddeley and Hitch model
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A more contemporary version of the Baddeleys
model

• Including one more buffer the episodic buffer,
  linked with
• long-term episodic memory
• the phological loop and the visuo-spatual
  sketchpad
• the central executive

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The phonological loop

• The phonological loop consists of two systems a
  phonological store (internal ear) and an
  articulatory loop (internal voice)
• Word length effect articulation duration, not
  the number of syllables matters
• Span for digits in Chinese 9,9 in English 6,6
  in Welsh 5,8
• Effects of articulatory suppresion
• Irrelevant speech

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Working memory performance with different types
of background music or silence
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The phonological loop cont.

• Phonological similarity effect the more
  phonologically similar the items in a set, the
  more errors are made on recall
• Because information is degrading in the
  phonological store, often reconstruction is
  needed
• Lexicality effect prior knowledge influences
  working memory span it is larger for lists of
  words than for lists of nonwords

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Visuo-spatial sketchpad

• A system serving to the construction, maintenance
  and manipulation of visual or spatial information
• Visual scanning
• Mental rotation
• Research with mental images of matrices and
  spatial or non-sense tasks, with or without an
  additional visual task

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Example of material used in research on
viso-spatial sketchpad
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Results of an investigation with a concurring
task added
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Workin memory research paradigms

• Stroop and emotional Stroop task
• Span tasks reading span, operation span,
  counting span
• Task set switching
• Keep track
• Go-No go task
• Negative priming
• N-back task
• Directed forgetting

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A general characteristic of working memory

• Functions of the central executive maintenance
  of attention, divided attention, switching of
  attention, inhibition or suppresion of irrelevant
  information
• Distribution of memory (cognitive) resources
• The dysexecutive syndrome (or the prefrontal lobe
  syndrome)
• Working memory and complex processing long-term
  memory retrieval disruptions caused by negative
  emotions, stress, depression, old age...

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Brain substrates of working memory