Renaissance in the North

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Renaissance in the North
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Humanism

• Renaissance spread from Italy to the North into
  the Netherlands and Germany and into England
• Northerners combined new Italian ideas with
  native arts
• Politics spread the culture. Kings hired Italian
  artists. Francis I in France and Hapsburgs in
  Germany and Spain. Tudors in England, especially
  Elizabeth I.

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Reformation

• Martin Luther, a Catholic priest 1517 posted 95
  theses on the door of the Church in Wittenberg.
• Theses attacked indulgences
• Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
• Luthers principles began to be applied
  throughout Germany, starting the Protestant
  Reformation
• People wanted a Christianity free from control of
  the Pope
• Reformers called Anabaptists (re-baptized)
• Calvin, Henry VIII followed closely behind Luther

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Causes of Reformation

• Economic and nationalistic self-interest
  freedom from Italian rule
• Pleas for change had been coming for centuries
  Erasmus, Thomas More
• Scandal and corruption within the Church
• Yearning for a better understanding of the Bible,
  not based on theology, but on close reading of
  the text.
• Theologians became far-removed from everyday
  people with their highly academic arguments.

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Cultural Significance of the Reformation

• Emphasis on the individual
• Protestant work ethic creates move toward
  capitalism, especially among Calvinists
• Vernacular translations of the Bible allowed
  widespread publication

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Growth of Science

• Earlier scientists were like Leonardo da Vinci,
  tinkerers in many fields
• Now, emphasis on mathematics and philosophy
• Scientific developments
• Magnetic north pole navigation
• Circulation of the blood
• Logarithm tool developed to calculate long
  problems
• Empirical approach to medicine
• Copernicus challenges Earth-centered universe

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Visual Arts - Germany

• New technical advancements in linear perspective
• Durer
• Artist as inspired genius, not craftsman,
• Grunewald
• Passionate intensity of emotion, especially in

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Durer Melancolia
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DURER THE FALL VAN EYCK ARNOLFINI WEDDING
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Grunewald Crucifix
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Painting - Netherlands

• Bosch
• Belief that pleasures of the body lead to
  damnation
• Medieval in theme, but surrealist in execution

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BOSCH GARDEN OF EARTHLY DELIGHTS
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Bosch
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