Soil Moisture Level Control Design

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Soil Moisture Level Control Design Performance

• Presented by
• Ammar Al Shorafa 200001519
• Akram Farouk 200005287
• Amr Shehab 200001562
• Zaid Mohammed 199900190

• Advisor Dr. Hazem Nounou

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Acknowledgment
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Outline

• Introduction.
• Programmable Logic Controller.
• Humidity Sensor.
• Valves and sprinklers.
• Studying other existing setups.
• System parameters.

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Importance of the project

• Saving water supply.
• Saving money.
• Saving time.

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Programmable Logic Controller

• Definition.
• Advantages
• Easily programmed and maintained.
• Movable.
• Communication ability.
• Inexpensive. How ?
• Programmed in run mode.

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Programmable Logic Controller

• Methods used to study PLCs
• Workshop.
• Internet.
• Books.

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Programmable Logic Controller

• Architecture

Processor
Power Supply
Output Module
Memory
Input Module
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Programmable Logic Controller

• Processor

• Main job processing the inputs to get the
  outputs.

• Memory

• Main job store the program predefined by the
  user.

Types
ROM
RAM
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Programmable Logic Controller

• Memory

• RAM
• Large portion. Why?
• Backup battery is needed.
• Types

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Programmable Logic Controller

• Memory

• ROM
• Job.
• Two types provided with almost each PLC

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Programmable Logic Controller

• Input / Output Module

Input

• Job.
• Types Digital Analog.
• Receive information from sensors, switches,
  etc.

Output

• Job.
• Types Digital Analog.
• Send information to solenoid, lights, etc.

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Programmable Logic Controller

• Power Supply

• Careful calculations must be done.
• Manufacturer must tell the needed power to drive
  the PLC safely.

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Programmable Logic Controller

• Programming Methods

• Many languages approved by ICE.
• Different Languages are
• Structured Text.
• Instruction List.
• Ladder Diagram.
• Function Diagram.
• Function Block Diagram.
• Sequential Function Chart.

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Programmable Logic Controller

• Programming Methods

• Is it possible to transfer between different
  languages?
• Common elements
• Identifiers.
• Data types.
• Variables .
• Language keywords.

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Ladder Diagram
Programmable Logic Controller

• Most common language for programming PLCs.
• Two vertical lines. one on the left and one on
  the right.
• The connection between these two vertical lines
  is called a rung.
• rung describe the relation between the conditions
  on the left and the outputs on the right.
• There are no variables in ladder diagram, however
  there are registers.

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Registers Types
Programmable Logic Controller

• Xs ? Inputs
• Ys ? Output
• Ds ? Data
• Rs ? Internal Relays

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Ladder Example
Programmable Logic Controller
X0001   X0002       Y0001 -----
---------/------------( )-----
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Comparator Control Test
Programmable Logic Controller
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Response Times
Programmable Logic Controller

• Studying some important Terms of PLC

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Programmable Logic Controller
Scan Time

• Input ? Scans for input
• Execution Program ? Scan goes to program
  execution
• Output ? Scan goes to output terminals

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Problem
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Solution 1 (Pulse Stretching)
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Solution 2 (Interrupt)
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Programmable Logic Controller

• PLC selection

• Initial design

1 analog input
1 digital output
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Programmable Logic Controller

• PLC selection

• Available PLC HITACHI H 250 series
• Range of DC current 4 20 mA.
• Range of DC voltage 0 10 V.
• 16 digital input.
• 8 digital input.
• 4 analog input.
• 2 analog output.
• Evaluation can handle the job easily. However,
  many disadvantages
• Programming language is best with Windows 95 and
  Windows 98 a ONLY.
• Very old.
• Lack of new facilities.
• Uses old controlling schemes.
• Cannot be connected to Ethernet.

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Programmable Logic Controller

• PLC selection

• Searching for new PLC for future enhancement.
• LOGO! PLC (manufactured by Siemens Company)
• 8 digital input.
• 4 digital output.
• 2 analog input.
• 2 analog output.
• DC current range 4 20 mA.
• DC voltage range 0 10 V.
• Display LCD monitor with 4 cursors.
• Uses ladder diagram.
• Reasonable price.

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Humidity Definition

• Absolute humidity is the mass of water vapor
  divided by the mass of dry air in a volume of air
  at a given temperature. The hotter the air is,
  the more water it can contain.
• Relative humidity is the ratio of the current
  absolute humidity to the highest possible
  absolute humidity (which depends on the current
  air temperature).

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Humidity Sensor Importance

• Simple control loop design

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Humidity Sensor's circuit
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Humidity Sensor Selection

• Response time
• Voltage limit
• Current limit
• Temperature and corrosion conditions
• Sensors connections (wiring)
• Price
• Analog
• Output 4-20 mA (d.c)
• Output 0-10 V (d.c)
• Digital
• Lon
• Loff
• Calibration range 24 V (d.c)

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Humidity Sensors In Industry

• Hair hygrometer
• - most expensive
• - provides widest range and highest
  precision
• humidity measurement.
• - virtually indestructible.
• Polymer sensor
• - less expensive.
• - narrower range and less precise.

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Sensor Companies

• ECH20-20 sensor (Echo company)
• Falls in Voltage range
• TA50 series sensor (Tolpas Eng Company)
• Falls in Current range

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Method of sensors dipping
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Water capacity determines the size of your system

• Determine Your Water Meter Size
• Determine Your Service Line Size
• Determine Your Water Pressure
• Determine type of soil and crop
• Determine size of land supplied by water.

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Hydraulic (water) Valves

• The three main categories of hydraulic
• valves are
• pressure-control
• flow- (volume-) control
• directional-control

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Hydraulic (water) Valves
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Water Sprinklers
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Water Sprinklers
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Water Conservation

• You must match the system components (valves,
  sprinkles, pipes).
• Put a layer of mulch around trees and plants.
• Water during the cool parts of the day.
• Don't water on windy days.
• Cut down watering on cool and overcast days and
  don't water in the rain.

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Existing Setup

• Studying existing setup, why?
• Study others contributions and achievements.
• Avoid their mistakes.
• Weather considerations.
• Europe and North America.
• Gulf region.

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Existing Setup

• An example of an existing model
• Moisture Sensor.
• non corrosive carbon rods.
• Moisture increases, close the valve.
• Moisture decreases, open the valve.
• Problems
• Controller should be kept in a cabinet.
• No computer controller / monitor.
• Designed for specified weather conditions.

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Existing Setup

• Characteristics
• Should work perfectly for Gulf region.
• Computerized control must be provided.
• Depth of the sensor must be suitable to give good
  readings.
• Must be done within the approved budged from the
  university.

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Types of soil in the UAE

• In the UAE some soils such as
• Desert soil
• Ooze soil
• The sabkha
• serozem

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Soil moisture

• The conditions to select the level of moisture
• The place of soil .
• Select the season.
• Type of agriculture that will be use.
• Type of soil.

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Con.

• .Types of moisture measure
• Volumetric percentage (V/V)
• Weightily percentage (W/W)

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Con.

• Methods to find soil moisture
• Computer programming
• Filter paper Method
• Sensor

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Con.

• Our Method to find soil moisture is by using
  sensor in the lab as same following steps
• Putting same soil in box.
• Divide the soil to many section.
• Each section should have different water levels
• Measure the soil moisture by using sensor in
  different time and see the lack in the moisture
  of soil.
• Finally, we take the level of soil moisture.