Organization

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CHAPTER 1

• Organization General Plan of the Body

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Overview

• The purpose of this text is to enable you to gain
  an understanding of anatomy and physiology with
  the emphasis on normal structure and function.

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Overview

• Anatomy is the study of body structure, which
  includes size, shape, composition, and perhaps
  even coloration.
• Example This is a red blood cell.

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Overview

• Physiology is the study of how the body
  functions.
• Example How the red blood cell functions in the
  body.

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Overview

• Pathophysiology is the study of disorders of
  functioning and a knowledge of normal physiology
  makes such disorders easier to understand.
• Ex. When the red blood cells begins to
  malfunction and you begin to experience signs and
  symptoms

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Levels of Organization

• The human body is organized in structural and
  functional levels of increasing complexity.
• Each higher level incorporates the structures and
  functions of the previous level, as you will see.

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Levels of Organization

• We will begin with the simplest level, which is
  the chemical level, and proceed to cells,
  tissues, organs, and organ systems.
• Fig. 1-1 pg 5

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Figure 1-1 Page 5
Figure 1-1 p.5
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Chemicals

• The chemicals that make up the body may be
  divided into two major categories
• Inorganicare usually simple molecules made of 1
  or 2 elements other than carbon.
• Organicoften very complex and always contain the
  elements of carbon and hydrogen.

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Cells

• The smallest living units of structure and
  function are CELLS!

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Four Types of Tissues

• A tissue is a group of cells with similar
  structure and function.
• 1. Epithelial cover or line body surfaces
  some are capable of producing secretions with
  specific functions.
• EX. The outer layer of the skin and sweat
  glands. Also internal epithelial tissues include
  the walls of capillaries and the kidney tubules.
  

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Four Types of Tissues

• 2. Connective connect support parts of the
  body
• Some transport or store materials.
• Ex. Blood, bone, cartilage, and adipose tissues.

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Four Types of Tissues

• 3. Muscle specialized for contraction, which
  brings about movement.
• Ex. Skeletal muscles the heart.
• You see smooth muscle tissue in organs such as
  the urinary bladder and stomach.

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Four Types of Tissues

• 4. Nerve specialized to generate transmit
  electrochemical impulses that regulate body
  functions.
• Ex. Brain and optic nerves

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Organs

• An organ is a group of tissues precisely arranged
  so as to accomplish specific functions.
• Ex. Of organs are the
• Kidneys
• Liver
• Lungs
• stomach

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Organ Systems

• An organ system is a group of organs that all
  contribute to a particular function.
• Ex.
• Urinary System which consists of the kidneys,
  ureters, urinary bladder the urethra.
• These organs all contribute to the formation and
  elimination of urine.

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Organ Systems

• Table 1-1 pg 7 lists the organ systems of the
  human body with their general functions.
• Some representative organs on Fig. 1-2 pg 8

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Figure 1-2
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Figure 1-2
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11 Organ Systems Pg. 8-9

• 1. Integumentary System
• 2. Skeletal System
• 3. Muscular System
• 4. Nervous System
• 5. Respiratory System
• 6. Circulatory System
• 7. Lymphatic System
• 8. Digestive System

• 9. Urinary System
• 10. Endocrine System
• 11. Reproductive System

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Homeostasis

• A person who is in good health is in a state of
  Homeostasis.
• Homeostasis reflects the ability of the body to
  maintain relative stability and to function
  normally despite constant changes.

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Body Parts Area

• Table 1-2 pg 12 Review on your own!
• Know these terms!
• If you do not know the language you will not be
  able to communicate effectively orally or
  written.

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Body Parts Area

• EX. The term FEMORAL always refers to the thigh.
  
• The femoral artery is a blood vessel that passes
  through the thigh, the quadriceps femoris is a
  large muscle group of the thigh.

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Body Parts Area

• Ex. PULMONARY, which always refers to the lungs
  as in
• pulmonary artery
• Pulmonary edema
• Pulmonary embolism
• You may not know the exact meaning, but you do
  know it is something with the lungs.

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Terms Of Location Position

• When describing relative locations, the body is
  always assumed to be in ANATOMIC
  POSITION--standing upright facing forward, arms
  at the sides with palms forward, and the feet
  slightly apart.

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Terms Of Location Position

• The terms of location are listed in Table 1-3 pg.
  14, with a definition example for each.
• As you read each term, find the body parts used
  as examples in Fig. 1-4 pg. 13 and 1-5. pg 14
• Notice also that these are pairs of terms that
  each pair is a set of opposites.
• This will help you recall the terms and their
  meanings.

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Body Cavities Their Membranes

• The body has 2 major cavities
• 1. Dorsal Cavity (posterior)
• 2. Ventral Cavity (anterior)
• Each of these has further subdivision, which are
  shown in Fig. 1-5 pg 14

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Dorsal Cavity

• Dorsal Cavity---contains the central nervous
  system, and consists of the cranial cavity and
  the vertebral or spinal cavity.

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Dorsal Cavity

• The Cranial Cavityis formed by the skull
  contains the brain.
• The Spinal Cavity is formed by the backbone
  (spine) contains the spinal cord.
• The membranes that line these cavities cover
  the brain spinal cord are called the Meninges.

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Ventral Cavity

• Ventral Cavityconsists of 2 compartments
• 1. The Thoracic Cavity
• 2. The Abdominal Cavity
• Which are separated by the Diaphragm.

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Ventral Cavity

• The Diaphragm is large, dome-shaped respiratory
  muscle.
• It has openings for the esophagus for large
  blood vessels, but otherwise is a wall between
  the thoracic and abdominal cavities

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Ventral Cavity

• The Pelvic Cavity may be Considered a subdivision
  of the Abdominal cavity (there is no wall between
  them) or as a separate cavity.

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Ventral Cavity

• Organ in the thoracic cavity include the heart
  lungs
• The membranes of the thoracic cavity are serous
  membranes called the Pleural Membranes.

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Ventral Cavity

• The parietal pleura lines the chest wall, and the
  visceral pleura covers the lungs.

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Ventral Cavity

• The heart has its own set of serous membranes
  called the Pericardial Membranes.
• The parietal pericardium lines the fibrous
  pericardial sac, and the visceral pericardium
  covers the heart muscle.

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Ventral Cavity

• Organs in the Abdominal Cavity include the
  liver, stomach, intestines.
• The membranes of the abdominal cavity are also
  serous membranes called the peritoneum and
  mesentery.

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Ventral Cavity

• The Peritoneum is the membrane that lines the
  entire abdominal wall
• The mesentery is the continuation of this
  membrane, folded around and covering the outer
  surfaces of the abdominal organs.

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Ventral Cavity

• The Pelvic Cavity is inferior to the abdominal
  cavity.
• Although the peritoneum does not line the pelvic
  cavity, it covers the free surfaces of several
  pelvic organs.
• Within the pelvic cavity are the urinary bladder
  reproductive organs such as the uterus in women
  the prostate gland in men.

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Planes Sections

• When Internal anatomy is described, the body or
  an organ is often cut or sectioned in a specific
  way so as to make particular structures easily
  visible.

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Planes Sections

• A Plane is an imaginary flat surface that
  separates 2 portions of the body or an organ.
• These planes sections are shown in Fig. 1-6 pg.
  15.

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Planes Sections

• Frontal (coronal) sectiona plane from side to
  side separates the body into front and back
  portions.

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Planes Sections

• Sagittal Sectiona plane from front to back
  separates the body into right and left portions.
• A midsagittal section creates equal right and
  left halves.

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Planes Sections

• Transverse sectiona horizontal plane separates
  the body into upper and lower portions.

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Planes Sections

• Cross-Sectiona plane perpendicular to the long
  axis of an organ.
• A cross-section of the small intestine (which is
  a tube) would look like a circle with the cavity
  of the intestine in the center.

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Planes Sections

• Longitudinal Sectiona plane along the long axis
  of an organ.
• See Fig. 1-6

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Areas of the Abdomen

• Quadrantsa transverse plane and a midsagittal
  plane that cross at the umbilicus will divide the
  abdomen into 4 quadrants.
• Clinically, this is probably the division used
  more frequently.
• The pain of gallstones might then be described as
  in the right upper quadrant.

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Nine Areas of the Abdomen

• Right Left Hypochondriac Region
• Right Left Lumbar Region
• Right Left Iliac Region

• Epigastric Region
• Umbilical Region
• Hypogastric Region