Forum of Regulators

1
Department of Industrial and Management
Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
2nd Capacity Building Programme for Officers of
Electricity Regulatory Commissions 3 8 August,
2009
Emerging technologies for Reduction of Aggregate
Technical and Commercial losses Anjuli Chandra
Director CEA
Forum of Regulators
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Loss scenario in India

• Year TD losses ATC losses()
• 2005-06 30.42 35.18
• 2006-07 28.14 33.07
• 2007-08 27.20 30.56

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ATC Concept
TD Loss
100 Units
86 Units
60 Units
Tech and commercial Loss
Billing Gap
Energy Input (Units)
Energy Consumption (Units)
Energy Billed to Consumer (Units)
ATC
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Amount Billed to Consumer (Rupees)
Amount Recovered (Rupees)
Energy Recovered (Units)
240 Rs
220 Rs
Recovery Gap
55 Units
Figures used are for illustration purpose only.
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Components of ATC Losses
Technical Loses 1. Iron Copper losses at
Sub-transmission (66kV/33kV) Distribution
(11kV below)

• Billing Process Deficiencies
• 14. Consumer not billed / under-billed
• 15. Provisional billing
• 16. Bills pending for Quality Check (BQC)
• 17. Bills pending for assessment
• 18. Meters installed but not appearing in data
  base
• 19. Un-metered
• Unauthorized Colonies, JJ Clusters
• Street Lights Poles

• Theft / Unauthorized Use
• 2. Direct Hooking
• 3. Meter Tampering and Meter By-passing
• 4. Misuse of Category
• 5. Use of multiple connections for misuse of slab
• 6. Sanctioned load lower than actual usage

• Collection Process Deficiencies
• 20. Part Payment
• 21. Bills not delivered
• 22. Consumer not paid (defaulters)
• 23. Disconnected with Dues
• 24. Inflated Billing
• 25. Duplicate K No billing

Metering Process Deficiencies 7. Meter (address)
not traceable 8. Import / Export metering errors
9. Stop meter / Slow meter 10. Defective
meter 11. Meters not read 12. CT Ratio
errors 13. Meter number mismatch
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Distribution System improvements

• Distribution System improvements needs
  optimization as they are cost intensive
• Rate of return is important
• Classified as
• Short term Measures
• Long term Measures

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Short term measures

• The measures which can be implemented in a short
  period of time, viz. within 1-2years are called
  short-term measures
• The short-term measures involve measures required
  for immediate improvement and reduction of losses
  in the system

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Short term measures

• Network Reconfiguration
• Network Re-conductoring
• Load Balancing and Load Management
• Capacitor Installation (Shunt or Series)
• Employing AVB (Automatic Voltage Booster)

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Short term measures

• Improving Joints and Connections
• Re location of DTRs at load centres
• Augmenting DTR capacity / addition of new DTR
• Better management of Distribution transformers
• Change over from LVDS to HVDS

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Effect of Low Power Factor

• In LT distribution circuit the PF varies from
  0.65 to 0.75.
• Low power factor result in high distribution
  loss.
• For a given load if the power factor is low the
  current drawn is high.

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Installation of Capacitors

• High current means high losses as losses are
  proportional to square of the current.
• Loads incident are mostly inductive
• PF can be improved by installing shunt capacitors.

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Installation of shunt capacitors

• Shunt capacitors can be connected in the
  following ways
• (i) Across individual customers
• (ii) At vantage points on LT and 11 kV feeders
• (iii) At Distribution transformers
• (iv) At 33/11 kV Sub-stations

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• HVDS
• Existing L.V. Distribution System is changed to
  HVDS by extending H T lines very close to loads
  and installing small size transformers
• LT less system is to be achieved starting from
  Less LT
• For 100 KVA load amperage at 11 KV is 5 amperes
  where as at LT it is 140 amperes.

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Advantages of HT Distribution System

• Small size of conductor (ACSR or Aluminum alloy)
  can be used as HV current is low.
• The voltage profile is better.
• Direct tapping from the line is avoided.
• Line losses are less.

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Advantages of HT Distribution System

• Reliability of supply improve due to the
  following reason
• Faults on HT line are very less in comparison to
  LT
• Since a limited number of consumers are fed by
  one transformer, the fault in the same does not
  affect other consumers.
• Theft of electricity is practically eliminated.

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HVDS Concept

• Conversion of existing LT system to HVD system,
  wherever clearance is available
• Replace LT conductor with 11 kV conductor on the
  existing poles.
• Install transformer (10, 16, 25 KVA 1 phase / 3
  phase) on poles.
• Energise 4 to 10 consumers from each transformer
  through MCCB distribution board and LT aerial
  bunched cable.

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Comparison of HT Distribution and LT Dist.
For the distribution of same quantum of
power, the comparison of losses and voltage drop
are given below (per 100 as LT base)
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use of energy efficient transformers

• Distribution transformers can achieve low no-load
  losses by using cores made with low loss high
  permeability silicon steel or amorphous
  (non-crystalline) metal alloy.
• The higher initial cost of the core material is
  offset over the life of the transformer by its
  lower losses at light load

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CONSUMER INDEXING AND MAPPING

• Utilities do not have documentation of
  distribution network
• Documented information of customers are not
  available
• Many genuine customers are not in the records
• Systematic documentation of assets, and their
  inter connectivity is must for better management
• Energy audit not feasible without systematic
  documentation
• IT support is required for systematic
  documentation
• GIS mapping based consumer indexing is the
  solution
• It helps in
• - reducing operating losses
• - Lower expenditure for routine maintenance
• - Improved MIS
• - Better customer satisfaction

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PROPERTIES OF THE ELECTRICAL FEATURE CONSUMER
DATABASE
Pole Properties
Consumer Properties
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BENEFITS OF GIS BASED DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

• Quick decision making
• Fast identification of faults
• Easy and fast Data updation
• Accurate and timely enterprise wise information
• Effective timely services to consumers

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Network Switching through Distribution Automation
system

• Objective of the function is to form minimum
  network loss configuration or Balance the loads
  on the substations and feeders such that none of
  them are overloaded beyond their capacity
• Determines the optimal status of switches.
• The user has a choice to accept the solution or
  simulate his own solution by invoking the network
  editor.
• User can compare simulated solutions with the
  optimal solution given by the application.
• The user has a choice to select the solution and
  transmit it to the top RTU via SCADA servers for
  implementation

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Long term measures

• These include upgrading, strengthening and
  improvement of the Sub-Transmission and
  Distribution system in a circle to meet the
  future load demand for the next 5 years.
• Measures which can be completed in
• 3-5 years time are called long-term measures.

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Long term plan

• Augmentation of the transformation capacity at
  the existing 66 or 33/11 kV substations
• Rearranging/reconfiguring the 33/66 kV feeders by
  using higher size conductors and or increasing
  the number of feeders
• Establishing new 33 or 66/11 kV substations
  nearer to the load centres

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Long term plan

• Redistributing the loads between existing and
  new substations
• feeder strengthening, addition of new 11 kV
  feeders and reconductoring of existing feeders
• addition of distribution transformers and LT
  lines and
• Adoption of modern technologies.

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• What is Commercial Loss?
• Commercial Loss is total loss minus technical
  loss.
• It is the loss due to all constraints other than
  the technical loss.
• This is the area which causes the maximum revenue
  loss to the Distribution company
• This is area where loss can be brought down
  considerably by improvement in the system.

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Causes of commercial losses

• Pilferage/ theft
• Defective meters
• Errors in meter reading
• Errors in estimating un-metered supply of energy

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Area Where Theft is done..

• Meter level
• Accessories level
• Service cable / Bus bar level
• By external factor
• By software
• Load beyond measuring capability

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1. At Meter level

• Theft done by changing the metering system after
  opening the meter.
• Internal Tampering When the tampering is done by
  opening the meters ultrasonic welding and seals,
  it is classified as Internal Tampering such as
  soldering of resistances on PCB, internal bypass
  (P-P, N-N), etc.
• External Burning External burning is not the
  method of tampering but since External Burning
  includes deliberately burning of meter, so it is
  included in Tampering of meter.

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2. At Accessories level

• By Shunting CT
• By altering the CT ( Secondary Tapping)
• By altering the PT
• By entering the wrong multiplying factor

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3. At Service cable / Bus bar

• Direct tapping on the service line
• Partial tapping on the service line

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4. By External factor
Following external factors can effect the
measurement

• Magnet
• EMI and EMC
• Temperature
• Inclination / Mounting
• RF/ HF field
• Radio emission / conduction
• Harmonics

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5. By changing meter parameter through software

• Calibration
• Design parameter
• Computation formula
• RTC Setting
• Multiplying factor

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Commercial loss Reduction Strategy Scientific
Approach
ABC analysis and area prioritization
Energy accounting and audit
Making it easier for consumers
Collection Efficiency
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Theft Reduction Strategy Technical Solutions
HVDS Installation
High Loss High Resistance Areas
LT ABC Conductors
High Loss Low Resistance Areas
Metering Initiatives

• Electronic Meters
• AMR
• Pre-paid Metering

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High Voltage Distribution System
HVDS introduced (LT Less system) for Reduction of
Technical Commercial losses, failures due to
illegal tapping for enhanced safety.
Before Revamp
After Revamp
Go Back
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LT ABC - Conductors
LT ABC Conductors for immediate reduction
Go Back
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Energy Meter analysis

• Energy Meter tampering can be identified by
  carrying- out following analysis-
• Physical Analysis of Meter
• Various circuits inside the meter
• Wiring at the terminal box is manipulated
• 2.0 Meter Data Analysis
• Tampers logged by meter along with load
  profile is analyzed to identify theft
• Current circuit
• voltage circuit
• Switching off power supply (SMPS)

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TAMPER LOGICS

• Each tampering affects either the voltage or
  current or Pf or Power supply or MD or
  combination of these parameters.
• Analytics is to identify the tampering conditions
  by studying the electrical parameters.
• Each tamper results in abnormal electrical
  Parameter (s)
• LOGICS are set of pre-defined abnormalities.
  Using software, events which satisfy such LOGICS
  are identified.

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Role of Meter Testing Analysis Lab.
- Identification of Theft
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Energy Meter Testing Analysis Lab.

• All removed meter are tested in meter lab.
• Physical Analysis of Meter- Check the physical
  condition of meter, ultrasonic welding and seals.
• Testing of Meter- The meter is tested for the
  accuracy of errors/ deviation of errors.
• Analysis of Meter Data- Analyze the data
  downloaded from the meter, for e.g. load survey
  analysis.

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Energy Meter Testing Analysis Lab.

• Analysis of Energy Consumption- Analyze the
  consumption pattern of the particular consumer as
  per the Electronic Billing System.
• If any kind of abnormality (physical or data) is
  observed, the same is reported in the Testing
  Analysis report.
• Photographic evidence, if possible, of the same
  is also mentioned in the Report as well as
  records are maintained by Lab.

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Energy Meter Testing Analysis Lab.

• Valuable information about
• Trend of failures
• Cause of failure man made, installation or
  components
• Feedback to concerned
• Identified tempered meters
• Feed back about Suspicious consumers.
• Extracting information about Billing data from
  damaged meters Black Box analysis.

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Preventive Actions- Control of Theft
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Energy Audit Reports

• Feeder to Transformer Reports
• ( Feeders with HT Consumers SPDs)

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Analysis using HV Energy Audit Reports
Methodology
Grid Substation
M1
11 kV Feeder Feeding to DTs and HT Consumers
DT 1
M4
M2
HT Consumer
M3
DT 2
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Analysis using HV Energy Audit Reports
Observations 1 Feeders with acceptable Gap,
Sample Cases
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Prevention related to Accuracy --- low recording.

• Sense, log and display meter opening.
• Immunity to external factor or log the event
• Penalty Mode a major deterrent
• Log abnormalities.

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No Recording ---- Meter off

• Record detail about meter On- Off Hrs.
• Comparison of On Off data with Supply data.
• Immunity to external factor -- ESD
• Log abnormalities.
• Undeclared back up power.

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Users Associations, Panchayats and Franchisees
in Billing and Collection

• For rural consumers, the role of panchayats is
  significant for utilities.
• Panchayats can be associated for bringing
  awareness amongst the rural consumers for timely
  payment of bills.
• Panchayats can also be associated for effective
  reading and delivery of bills.
• Incentive schemes can be launched for villagers /
  panchayats where there are minimal or no losses
  and nil arrears.

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Input-based Franchisee Model

• Franchisee is appointed for a particular feeder
  and the input energy of the feeder is measured by
  the utility.
• A target for loss reduction is set based on units
  collected as a percentage of input energy
  supplied to the consumer beyond the point of
  metering.
• The franchisee is paid fixed returns for carrying
  out meter reading, billing and collection.
• Incentive is paid only on achieving the loss
  reduction target.

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Revenue Franchisee Model

• In this model, the franchisee could be appointed
  for a particular Grama Panchayat and is given a
  target for collection based on the average of
  previous 6 months collection.
• The franchisee is paid a fixed percentage of
  the collection on achieving base line collection
• For non-achievement of baseline collection,
  penalty is levied as a fixed percentage of the
  incentive payable.

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Other Models

• The institutional design and structure of
  Franchisee models vary from State to State.
• In Nagaland, the traditional structure of
  Village Council has been used to form a
  sub-committee called Village Electricity
  Management Board (VEMB) to function as a
  Franchisee. Electricity is billed to VEMB on
  Single Point Metering (SPM) basis.

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Other Models

• In Assam, the utility initiated the Single Point
  Supply Scheme (SPSS) and appointed input based
  franchisees and collection franchisees
  atdistribution transformers.
• In West Bengal and Uttarakhand, women Self-Help
  Groups (SHGs) have been engaged to function as
  Franchisee.
• These are at present revenue franchisees.

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Other Models

• In Karnataka, Gram Panchayats have been involved
  to identify Grameen Vidyut Pratinidhi (GVP) to
  function as Franchisee. The GVP is a local
  unemployed youth from the same Panchayat. They
  are working as revenue franchisee and there is a
  provision of commission on amount realized above
  baseline targets apart from retainer-ship fee for
  achieving the baseline targets.

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Thank You !