Genetic Engineering

1
Chapter 13

• Genetic Engineering

2
Selective Breeding

• Why are there so many different types of dogs?
• We have bred dogs for thousands of years -
  looking for traits that we like
• Selective Breeding - select organisms with
  desirable traits and breed them
• Most domestic animals and crops have been
  produced by selective breeding

3
Selective Breeding

• Hybridization - crossing dissimilar individuals
  to create an offspring with the best of both
• Crossing a good tasting apple with an apple that
  is resistant to fungus

4
Selective Breeding

• Inbreeding - breeding individuals with similar
  characteristics
• Why can this be a problem? (recessive traits)

5
Selective Breeding

• Increasing variation - breeders can increase
  variation in a population by inducing mutations
• How has it been used to produce useful bacteria?
• What does it mean if a plant is polyploid?

6
Manipulating DNA

• Genetic Engineering - making changes to the
  genetic code
• We are able to extract, cut, and separate DNA
• How are restriction enzymes and gel
  electrophoresis related?
• Gel Electrophoresis

7
Manipulating DNA

• Recombinant DNA - combining DNA from different
  sources
• How can scientists make copies of DNA? What is
  PCR? (325)

8
Cell Transformation

• After we modify and copy DNA, we have to get it
  back into the cell
• Remember Griffiths experiment - what happened?
• Transformation - cell takes DNA from outside and
  it becomes part of its DNA inside

9
Cell Transformation

• What is a plasmid?
• Pg 327 fig 13-9
• Recombinant DNA?
• Can transformation occur in plant and animal
  cells?

10
Applications of Genetic Engineering

• Transgenic organisms contain genes from other
  organisms
• Fig. 13-12 shows how DNA from a firefly can work
  in a plant!! What does that mean?
• What are some other transgenic plants and
  animals?
• What is cloning?

11
The Human Genome Chapter 14

• Biologists take pictures of chromosomes and line
  up the homologous pairs - this is called a
  karyotype

Image from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype
12
Human Chromosomes

• One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 all
  together) determines the sex - these are called
  the sex chromosomes
• The rest of the chromosomes are called the
  autosomes
• Females are XX / Males are XY
• What can mom give to her offspring and what can
  dad give to his offspring?

13
Pedigree Chart

• Pedigree charts show the relationships within a
  family
• Pg 342 Figure 14-3
• With a partner pg 343 - Problem Solving

Image from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_
chart
14
Human Genes
Blood Types Rh Blood Group you can be Rh or
Rh Rh positive is the dominant allele / What
could your genotype if you have Rh blood? What
does the Rh stand for? ABO Blood Group A,
B, AB, O Look _at_ the data table on page 344.
Image from http//learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/b
asics/blood/types.cfm
15
Human Genes

• Many human genes are known through the study of
  genetic disorders
• Pg 345 Figure 14-6
• List some autosomal disorders.

16
Human Genes

• How does the DNA sequence cause genetic
  disorders?
• Describe Cystic Fibrosis and Sickle Cell Disease.

17
Sex-Linked Genes

• Males XY
• Females XX
• Males only have one X chromosome all X linked
  alleles are expressed in males
• Describe colorblindness, hemophilia, Duchenne
  Muscular Dystrophy

18
Chromosomal Disorders

• Nondisjunction abnormal number of chromosomes
  in the gametes
• What controls the number of chromosomes each
  gamete gets?
• What is Down Syndrome?
• What are some sex chromosome disorders?

19
Human Genome Project

• What is the human genome project?
• What are some ethical issues involved with human
  genetics?