Symptomatology

1
Symptomatology

• Chapter 1
• Mechanisms of Disease, Diagnosis and Treatment

2
Pathology at First Glance

• Pathology The scientific study of disease.
• Homeostasis Internal stability/Balance.
• Symptoms Subjective. Described by the patient.
• Signs Objective. Found by physical examination
  or by diagnostic testing.

3
Pathogenesis

• The stages of disease development.
• Incubation period.
• Full blown symptoms.
• Remission/Convalescence.
• Acute vs. Chronic

4
Predisposing Factors

• Age
• Sex
• Heredity

• Lifestyle
• Environment

5
Genetic Diseases

• 23 pair of chromosomes
• 1/2 from each parent
• Genotype Genetic makeup
• Phenotype Physical attributes
• Karyotype Arrangement

6
Genetic Diseases (3 scenarios)

• Abnormality or mutation of one gene
• Several abnormal genes (polygenic)
• Abnormal presence or absence of a chromosome.

7
Mutations

• Changes in the genetic code
• Can be passed from one generation to the next.
• Can be spontaneous or based on exposure to a
  mutagen.
• Chemicals, radiation, viruses.

8
Important

• Not all genetic diseases are incompatible with
  life.
• Meaning Just because you have a genetic
  disorder does not mean that you will die from it.
  It may however, greatly impact your quality of
  life.
• Not all genetic mutations express themselves.

9
Infection

• Caused by pathogens
• Several cardinal (basic) signs of infection
• Redness, swelling, heat, pain, pus, fever,
  enlarged lymph nodes, red streaks.
• Symptoms of widespread include fever, headache,
  body aches, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite,
  delirium.

10
How the organisms work

• Invade
• Destroy
• Produce poison

11
Sources

• Endogenous or Exogenous
• Modes of transmission Direct or Indirect
• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Inoculation

12
Remember your pathogens

• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• See Table 1-1

13
Natural Defenses

• Chemical barriers like skin, cilia, body pH,
  normal flora.
• The inflammatory response
• The immune response.

14
Neoplasms

• A new growth of cells that grow without a
  purpose.
• Benign or malignant.

15
Benign

• Slow growing
• Arise from any connective tissue
• Remain encapsulated
• Do not infiltrate
• Well differentiated.
• Resemble the tissue of origin.

16
Malignant

• Cancerous
• Grow rapidly
• Not well differentiated
• Invasive
• Not encapsulated
• Bleed, ulcerated, become infected.
• Do not resemble the tissue of origin

17
Metastasis

• The capacity to spread from the original site to
  distant sites.
• Cachexia Wasting

18
Cancer Causes

• External exposure to carcinogens
• Internal factors such as hormones, immune
  responses, inherited mutations.
• Biomarkers (fyi)

19
Who is at risk.

• Anyone
• Risk frequently increases with age.

20
Risk Reduction

• Low fat, high fiber diet
• Eliminate exposure to cigarette smoke
• Limit exposure to the sun
• Avoid heavy use of ETOH
• Question need for ERT
• Increased physical activity
• Avoid carcinogens

21
Screening

• Remember, screening is not a definitive test for
  any condition.
• Tumor markers Substances produced by tumor cells
  that can be detected in the blood.
• PSA, CEA (primarily colon cancer), AFP, CA125
  (ovarian cancer), CA19-9 (stomach cancer, etc.