Biomechanical Concepts of the Spine

1
Biomechanical Concepts of the Spine
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Structures of the Spine

• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
• Sacral
• Coccygeal

3
Closer Look at Vartebrae

• Body
• Two pedicles
• Two Laminae
• Articular Facets
• Superior
• Inferior
• Spinous Processes
• Transverse Processes
• Verterbral Foramen

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Articular Facets for different parts of the spine

• Cervical
• Parallel with frontal plane
• Slant at a 45 degrees to transverse plane
• Motion in each plane

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Articular Facets for different parts of the spine

• Cervical
• Thoracic
• 60 degree from transverse plane
• 20 degrees from frontal plane
• Facets very large
• Provide for lateral bending and rotation
• Limits flexion
• Rom
• Flex/ext 4-6 degrees
• Side bending 6 degrees
• Rotation 8 degrees

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Articular Facets for different parts of the spine

• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
• 90 degree to transverse plane
• 45 degree to the frontal plane
• More in the sagittal plane
• ROM
• Rotation 1-3 degrees
• Flexion 12 (L1) 20 (L5-S1) degrees
• Side bending 6-3 degrees

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Body to Body Articulation

• Intervertebral Disks
• Annulus Fibrosis
• Nucleus Pulposis

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Ligaments of the Spine

• Capsules
• Anterior Longitudinal
• Posterior Longitudinal
• Ligamentum Flavum
• Supraspinous
• Intertransverse
• Interspinous

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Spinal Curves

• Primary Curves
• Thoracic and sacral
• Convex anteriorly
• Secondary Curves
• Lumbar and cervical
• Concave anteriorly
• Abnormal Curves
• Scoliosis
• Kyphosis
• Lordosis

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Muscles of the Spine

• Cervical Anterior
• Rectus capitus anterior
• Cervical flexion
• Lateral flexion
• Rectus capitus anterior
• Cervical flexion
• Lateral flexion
• Longus capitis
• Flexion
• Lateral Flexion
• Rotation same side
• Longus colli
• Cervical flexion

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Muscles of the Spine

• Cervical Anterior
• Rectus capitus anterior
• Cervical flexion
• Lateral flexion
• Rectus capitus anterior
• Cervical flexion
• Lateral flexion
• Longus capitis
• Flexion
• Lateral Flexion
• Rotation same side
• Longus colli
• Cervical flexion

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Muscles of the Spine

• Cervical Anterior cont.
• Rectus capitus anterior
• Rectus capitus anterior
• Longus capitis
• Longus colli
• Scalene anterior, middle and posterior
• Cervical flexion
• Lateral flexion
• rotation

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Muscles of the Spine

• Cervical Anterior cont.
• Rectus capitus anterior
• Rectus capitus anterior
• Longus capitis
• Longus colli
• Scalene anterior, middle and posterior
• Sternocleidomastoid

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Muscles of the Spine

• Cervical Anterior
• Cervical Posterior
• Rectus Capitis posterior major/minor
• Cervical extension
• Lateral flexion

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Muscles of the Spine

• Cervical Anterior
• Cervical Posterior
• Rectus Capitis posterior major/minor
• Splenius capitis and cervicis
• Longissimus capitus
• Iliocostalis cervicis
• Cervical extension
• Lateral flexion
• rotation

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Muscles of the Spine

• Cervical Anterior
• Cervical Posterior
• Rectus Capitis posterior major/minor
• Splenius capitis and cervicis
• Longissimus capitus
• Iliocostalis cervicis
• Cervical extension
• Lateral flexion
• rotation

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Muscles of the Spine

• Cervical Anterior
• Cervical Posterior
• Deep Muscles of the Back (thoracic and lumbar)
• Iliocostalis
• Longissimus
• Spinalis

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Muscles of the Spine

• Cervical Anterior
• Cervical Posterior
• Deep Muscles of the Back (thoracic and lumbar)
• Iliocostalis
• Longissimus
• Spinalis

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Muscles of the Spine

• Cervical Anterior
• Cervical Posterior
• Deep Muscles of the Back (thoracic and lumbar)
• Iliocostalis
• Longissimus
• Spinalis

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Muscles of the Spine

• Cervical Anterior
• Cervical Posterior
• Deep Muscles of the Back (thoracic and lumbar)
• Anterior and Lateral Trunk Muscles
• Rectus Abdominus
• External Oblique
• Internal Oblique
• Transverse Abominus

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Muscles of the Spine

• Cervical Anterior
• Cervical Posterior
• Deep Muscles of the Back (thoracic and lumbar)
• Anterior and Lateral Trunk Muscles
• Rectus Abdominus
• External Oblique
• Internal Oblique
• Transverse Abominus

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Muscles of the Spine

• Cervical Anterior
• Cervical Posterior
• Deep Muscles of the Back (thoracic and lumbar)
• Anterior and Lateral Trunk Muscles
• Rectus Abdominus
• External Oblique
• Internal Oblique
• Transverse Abominus

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Movements of the Spine

• Flexion
• Extension
• Lateral Flexion
• Spinal Rotation

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Muscle of the Spine as Movers

• Multisegment System
• Trunk Rotation
• Internal and external oblique relationship
• Smaller one segment muscles of the spine