Inside the Cell

1
Inside the Cell

• Structure of Cells
• Functions Interactions of Cell Parts

2
Structure of Cells

• There is much activity in cells
• Cell as a factory model to aid understanding.
• .

3
Characteristics of Cells

• Cells are 3-D
• Cell size small to very small

4
Unicellular Organisms
5
Multicellular Organisms

• Specialization each cell is adapted for a
  specific function.
• Specialization means interdependence.

6
Levels of Organization

• Interdependence means that some cells will
  perform some functions poorly while other tasks
  are completed.
• Specialization? cells working together.
• Tissue? organ? system? organism

7
Tissue
8
Organ

• Structure composed of many different types of
  different tissues that work together to perform a
  particular function.

9
Organ -2
10
Organ System

• Group of organs working together for a specific
  purpose

11
Organism

• Complete living thing composed of various
  interacting organ systems.
• Human

12
Levels Organization -2

• Species
• Population.
• Community.

13
Levels of Organization -3

• Ecosystem
• Biomes
• Biosphere

14
Levels of Organization -4

• Parallels of Organization
• Cell ??
• Tissue ??
• Organ ??
• Organ System ??
• Organism ??

15
Grassland Biomes

• What features do these two biomes share in
  common?
• Different?

16
Forested Biomes

• What characteristics are similar? Different?

17
Tiaga Tundra
18
Cytoplasm

• Jelly material in which the organelles are
  suspended.
• Metabolism sum of all chemical reactions

19
Cytoplasm-2

• Cytoplasm contains a complex mix of enzymes,
  sugars, an amino acids. Cells are filled with
  cytoplasm.

20
Organization Within Cells

• Although 1000s of reactions occur in the
  cytoplasm, more efficient methods have evolved.

21
Functions Interactions of Cell Parts

• Cell Types
• Eukaryotic Cell Organelles

22
Cell Types

• First cells contained no membrane-bound
  organelles
• Most cells contain organelles surrounded by
  membrane.

23
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
These bone cells (left) all have a visible
nucleus. The strands of cyanobacteria on the
right do not.
24
Prokaryotic Cells

• This bacteria cell lacks a nucleus or other
  organelles made of phospholipid bilayer.
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________

25
Prokaryotic Cells- First Cells
Bacteria can be spherical, rod-shaped, or in long
chains.
Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic producers.
26
Eukaryotic Cell OrganellesDivision of Labor

• __________________________
• __________________________
• _________________________
• _________________________

27
Control and Boundaries

• Nucleus
• Plasma Membrane
• Cell Wall

28
Nucleus

• The nucleus is the control center of a eukaryotic
  cell.
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________
• Nucleus contains nucleic acid DNA-the set of
  master plans for building the cell proteins.
• __________________________________________________
  ____________________________

29
Nucleus - Diagram
30
Nucleus- Control Center of Cell

• DNA master control molecules.
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _______
• RNA- working copies of DNA.
• __________________________________________________
  _____________________
• Nucleolus large bodies inside nucleus.
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________

31
Nucleus Micrograph
Nuclear Pores The nucleus has pores in its outer
membrane to allow information to pass
through.(ex large molecules like RNA)
32
Plasma Membrane

• The plasma membrane serves as a boundary between
  a cell and its external environment.
• Controls the movement of materials in and out of
  the cell.
• Allows useful materials like oxygen and nutrients
  to enter and waste products such as excess water
  to leave.
• Helps to maintain homeostasis.

33
Cell Membrane Fluid Mosaic Model
34
Cell Wall

• Found only in plants, fungi, and some Monerans
  and protists.
• __________________________________________________
  ____________________
• Plant cell walls contain cellulose, a
  polysaccharide made up of chains of bonded
  glucose sugar units.
• __________________________________________________
  ___________________

35
Cell Wall
This shows the interconnecting fibers of
cellulose in a plant cell wall.
36
Energy Transformers

• _________________
• _________________

37
Mitochondria

• Break down food molecules to produce energy
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________
• Has an outer membrane, much like a cells plasma
  membrane
• __________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  ______________________

38
Mitochondria-diagram
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane
Cristae
Mitochondria found in all eukaryotic cells. Some
cells contain hundreds.
39
Chloroplast

• Captures light and converts it into food
  particles, like sugars and starches
• _____________________________
• ___________________________________
• Is a plastid, or an organelle that contains
  pigments.
• ___________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  ____________________________

40
Chloroplast-Diagram

• Chloroplast are found in some photosynthetic
  protists, and in plants.
• Some Monerans do photosynthesis but do not
  contain chloroplasts.

Inner Membrane
Outer Membrane
Thylakoid membranes
41
Chloroplast- Micrograph
42
Storage Assembly

• ____________________
• _______________________
• ___________________
• ____________________
• ______________________
• ______________________

43
Endoplasmic Reticulum

• A folded membrane that forms a network of
  interconnected compartments.
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _______________________________
• Frequently have ribosomes attached to it.
• __________________________________________________
  ______________________

44
Endoplasmic Reticulum
45
Smooth Rough ER

• Rough ER
• __________________________________________________
  _____________________
• Smooth ER Lack ribosomes on surface.
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________________
• Smooth ER may help transport proteins made in
  rough ER.

46
Endoplasmic Reticulum Micrograph
47
Ribosomes

• Small structures on which proteins are made.
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________
• Some are attached to ER Some float free in
  cytoplasm.
• ____________________________________
• Translate message/instructions sent by nucleus
  produce proteins.

48
Production of Ribosomes

• Ribosomal proteins produced in cytoplasm are
  transported thru nuclear pores.
• rRNA produced in nucleolus is assembled w/
  ribosomal proteins to form small/ large
  subunits.
• Small large subunits leave nucleolus nucleus
  thru pores.
• Subunits combine w/ each other in cytoplasm to
  form ribosomes.

49
RibosomesSite of Protein Production
50
Golgi Apparatus

• Composed of a series of closely stacked, flatted
  sacks.
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________________
• Packages and ships proteins that are made by the
  cell.
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _

51
Golgi Complex
52
Golgi Complex Micrograph

• Vesicles containing proteins of various kinds
  pinch off end of Golgi complex.
• These are transported around the cell

53
Lysosomes

• __________________________________________________
  __________________
• Vesicles that pinch off Golgi complex
• Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food
  particles , and invading viruses or bacteria.
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _

54
Lysosome- Enzyme Packages

• Lysosomes can join with cell membrane and dump
  their digestive enzymes into the large vesicles
  formed during phagocytosis.
• Digested particles can move into cell through
  membrane.

55
ER- Golgi- Lysosome Complex

• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________

56
Vacuoles

• Fluid-filled, membrane bound structures for
  storing substances for latter use.
• Plants ______________________________________
• Protists __________ _____________________________
  _________

57
Vacuoles -2

• Single, large vacuole formed in plant cells can
  contain pigments, amino acids, carbohydrates,
  cellular waste products ( magnification 7800x)

58
Support Movement

• ___________________________
• __________________________
• __________________________

59
Cytoskeleton

• Composition function
• __________________________________________________
  _____________________________________
• Microfilaments composed of the proteins actin
  myosin.
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________
• Microtubules hollow structures that
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________

60
Cytoskeleton
61
Cytoskeleton -2

• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _______
• The cytoskeleton of a cell can be seen in this
  specially treated photograph. (Magnification
  1100x).

62
Centrioles

• Found in cells of animals some algae(protists)
  and fungi.
• __________________________________________________
  ____________
• Structure ___________ ___________________________
  ____________________________________

63
Centrioles -2
Centrioles
Chromosomes

• In cells of animals, some algal protists
  fungi, two pairs of centrioles play a role in
  cell division.

64
Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli

• Cilia project from cell surface, cylindrical in
  shape enclosed by membrane.
• __________________________________________________
  ________________________________________________
• Flagella structure similar to cilia but longer
  (whip-like)
• _______________________________________________
• Microvilli specialized extensions of cell
  membrane contain microfilaments
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _______________________________________________

65
Cilia Flagella

• (Left) Paramecium move by the wave like motion of
  its numerous cilia.
• (Right) The sperm cell swam to the egg by the
  whip-like motion of its flagella.

66
Evolution of Eukaryotes

• Comparison of Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
• Symbiosis

67
Comparison of Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
No true nucleus /nuclear membrane
___________________________
Several linear chromosomes (DNA protein)
__________________________________________________
__
Mitochondria, ER. Golgi bodies lysosomes.
__________________________________________________
____
__________________________________________________
Photosynthetic membrane not enclosed in organelle
Cell wall contains murein
__________________________________________________
__________
_______________________
Microtubules in flagella
Smaller ribosomes
____________________
68
Symbiosis

• Symbiosis relationship in which two organisms
  live in close associations.
• Mutualism bacteria in cow intestine.
• __________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  ______________________

Lichens are example of symbiosis between fungi
cells and the cells of monerans or protists.
69
Symbiotic Theory

• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _________
• Prokaryotic cells became symbiotic partners,
  giving rise to eukaryotes.

70
Symbiotic Theory-2
71
Symbiotic Theory -3

• Evidence Study of mitochondria chloroplasts.
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________________

72
Symbiotic Theory- Incomplete

• Questions remain to be answered about the
  evolution of other organelles.
• __________________________________________________
  _______________________________________