Reducing Peak Demand Through Energy Standards

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Reducing Peak Demand Through Energy Standards

• Rob Hammon, Ph.D., Principal, ConSol
• Mike Messenger, Demand Response Program Manager,
  CEC
• Bill Pennington, Buildings Appliances Manager,
  CEC
• California

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Load Duration Curves for California in 2002
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(No Transcript)
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Diagnostic Testing and Field Verification

• 1995 Field Research - Massive Duct Leaks Ducts
  in Attics Peak Demand Problem
• Focus Standards on Construction Quality
• Duct sealing, design, location, surface area
• Building envelope sealing
• Air conditioner installation (charge, airflow)
• Insulation and air barrier installation
• SEER hot/dry climates, fan energy
• Air conditioner over-sizing

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HERS Raters

• Field verification requires diagnostic tools,
  qualified people, adequate time to verify
• Beyond the capabilities, resources and priorities
  of local building departments
• Cant rely solely on installers, third party
  required important to builders
• State legislation gives Commission authority to
  oversee HERS raters

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What does the HERS Rater do?

• Serves as a special inspector
• Completes diagnostic testing and field
  verification using Commission protocols for
  specific components and equipment
• Builder can choose to have field verification for
  100 of the houses or use sampling
• Specific rules for sampling, re-sampling, and
  corrective action if necessary

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Components of Quality Construction Compliance
Options

• Algorithms for calculating energy implications
  that can be programmed into compliance software
• "Default" level representing degraded current
  practice (field research)
• "Target" level representing reasonable improved
  practice (field research)
• Protocols required for proper installation and
  field verification

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What Do the Protocols Cover?

• Purpose and Scope relationship to standards
  requirements and compliance
• Instrumentation specifications
• Detailed step-by-step procedures for conducting
  each diagnostic test or verification
• Used for training installers and HERS raters

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Protocols Available

• Air distribution systems (ASHRAE 152 and
  California Weatherization Standards)
• Ducts buried in attic insulation (Building
  America)
• Refrigerant charge (superheat and temperature
  split)
• Airflow and air handler fan wattage (California
  research)
• Air conditioner sizing (ASHRAE Handbook)
• High quality insulation installation (California
  and ORNL research industry task force)
• Thermostatic expansion valve and High EER air
  conditioner

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Time-Dependent Valuation (TDV)

• Change savings valuation in Title 24
• Abandon source energy flat valuation
• Replace with time-dependent valuation
• Change source energy
• Abandon electricity source energy (mult 3)
• Replace with TDV energy (hourly factors) based on
  CEC forecasts of costs
• Distinguish between natural gas propane

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Time-Dependent Valuation (TDV)

• Replace flat rate energy basis
• Transparent to compliance end-user
• Credit for measures that perform on-peak, less
  for off-peak measures
• Better signals to designers
• Method tied to CEC weather tapes and ACM
  performance calcs

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How TDV Works (electricity)
Energy value
Monday
Friday
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Building up the Electric TDVs
1. Start with the CEC Forecast Commodity Costs
2. Add the marginal TD delivery costs as f(temp)
3. Adjust to bring to revenue requirement (rate
levels)
4. Add environmental externality of reduced
pollution (optional)
5. Convert to equivalent energy units (TDV energy
units)
Forecast Costs
TDV Energy Value
Revenue Neutrality Adjustment
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
Friday
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How Does TDV Compliance Work?

• Used for performance trade-offs(instead of old
  source energy trade-offs)
• Compliance runs done per usual
• Compliance software enhanced to do hourly
  base/proposed calculations
• TDV value for each hour multiplied by hourly
  energy, totaled for annual savings
• Same compliance report printed out

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Changes to Title 24 for TDV

• Delete definition of SOURCE ENERGY
• Add definition of TDV ENERGY
• Adjust ACM rules for engineering enhancements
• Adjust rules for propane natural gas
• Adjust ACM output reports

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Compliance Outcomes

• Any electricity saving measure is more valued by
  TDV than by source valuation
• Difference between flat and TDV indicates demand
  impact of measure
• Gas measures - minimal difference between flat
  and TDV gas
• Propane - TDV gives greater value to propane than
  to natural gas

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Likely Winners/Losers

• Losers
• Propane (smaller advantage over elec)
• Economizers
• Other off-peak
• No Change
• Insulation
• Res. water heating

• Winners
• Peak air conditioning (SEER/EER issue)
• Fenestration (more directional)
• Gas cooling
• Cool roofs
• Other on-peak

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2005 Standards Changes for Low-Rise Residential
Buildings

• High performance replacement windows
• Duct sealing when ducts or air conditioner/furnace
  is replaced
• Compliance Credit Quality insulation
  installation, proper A/C Sizing, Ducts buried in
  attic insulation, High EER A/C, Efficient A/C
  Fans, Gas Cooling
• Improved third party verification

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2005 Standards Changes for Nonresidential
Buildings

• Demand Control Ventilation Ventilation
  controlled dependent on number of occupants
• Duct Sealing Newly constructed buildings and
  duct or air conditioner /furnace replacements
• Envelopes No insulation on t-bar ceilings,
  thermal break for metal roofs
• Relocatable public school buildings
• Compliance Credit Gas cooling, under-floor air
  distribution

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2005 Standards Changes for Nonresidential
Buildings

• Cool Roofs low slope roofs, newly constructed
  buildings re-roofing
• Acceptance Requirements insure proper
  installation of equipment prone to problems
• Day-lighting with skylights in big box buildings
• Indoor Lighting lower power, unconditioned
• Space Conditioning VAV, variable speed drives,
  efficient cooling towers, efficient motors,
  better controls

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2005 Standards Changes for All Buildings

• Time Dependent Valuation favors peak energy
  saving measures over off-peak
• New Federal Air Conditioner Standards SEER 12
  (package and split system units smaller than 5
  tons)
• New Federal Water Heater Standards Energy
  factor increase of 0.5 (EF of 0.575 for 50 gallon
  water heaters)

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Why Not Use Rates?

• There are many different rates (which?)
• Rates average the high cost periods and dilute
  the price signal
• Rates change with policy/political choices

• TDV reflects long-term system costs
• CEC 30 year generation forecast
• Utility TD cost experience
• Overall revenues to run utility system

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SPP Experimental Rate Forms (Summer)
Residential
TOU Tariff (high)
CPP Tariff (high)
80
73.4
70
60
Existing Rates Avg. Summer Price 13.4 /kWh
50
Cents per kWh
40
30
26.0
23.4
20
10.3
8.9
10
1,500 hrs/yr
75 hrs/yr
1,425 hrs/yr
7,260 hrs/yr
7,260 hrs/yr
0
Peak
Off-Peak
Peak
Off-Peak
Critical Peak
Peak 200-700pm weekdays Off-Peak all
other hours Critical Peak is dispatched from 200
to 700, 15 days per year
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Peak period impacts are larger in the hotter
climate zones than in the cooler zones
Source Cambridge Resource Associates, Summer
2003 Impact Evaluation June 9, 2004
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Resources

• Demand Responsive Issues
• Mike Messenger
• Demand Response Program Manager, CEC
• 916-654-4774
• mmesseng_at_energy.state.ca.us
• Code-Related Issues
• Bill Pennington
• Buildings Appliances Manager, CEC
• 916-654-5013
• bpenning_at_energy.state.ca.us
• Others
• Rob Hammon, Ph.D.
• Principal, ConSol
• 209-473-5000
• rob_at_consol.ws