Science applications (monitor, detect, understand and predict):

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Rationales for timeseries

• Science applications (monitor, detect, understand
  and predict)
• CO2 uptake by the ocean
• biological productivity, biomass, ecosystem
  variables and fluxes
• air-sea fluxes
• thermohaline changes, water mass transformation
• rapid or episodic changes (mixed-layer, blooms,
  convection, MOC, etc)
• mass/heat transports (boundary current,
  over/throughflows, MOC)
• geophysics

• Operational applications
• reference data for forecasting systems (in-situ
  biogeochemical)
• constraints (e.g. transports) for assimilation
  runs
• detection of events
• validation of products

• Technical applications (reference/calibrate/verify
  /...)
• air-sea fluxes
• remotely sensed variables (SST, wind, color)
• sensor calibration (VOS, T/S of floats, ...)
• model statistics, physics and parameterizations
  (and their variability)
• providing sound signals for float naviation,
  acoustic tomography
• testbed for new instrumentation

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A global ocean timeseries observatory system is
under development internationally

• Started as GOOS/CLIVAR/POGO sponsored (via
  OOPC/COOP) activity
• The system is multidisciplinary in nature,
  collecting physical, meteorological,
• chemical, biological and geophysical
  timeseries observations
• Goal is to make the data are publicly
  available as soon as received and
  quality-controlled by the owner/operator
• An International Steering Team provides
  guidance, coordination, outreach, and
• oversight for the implementation, data
  management and capacity building (18
  scientists operating sites, representing all
  ocean disciplines)
• A pilot system has been defined consisting of
  all operating sites
• and those planned to be established within 5
  years, subject to evaluation in
• terms of the qualifying criteria by the
  Science Team.

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Definition of an ocean timeseries site in
OceanSITES

• Sustained in-situ observations at fixed
  geographic locations of ocean/climate related
• quantities at a sampling rate high enough to
  unambiguously resolve the signals of interest.
• only truly Eulerian data, i.e. no ship
  sections or underway data, no surveys with
  vessels or gliders around a site. But PRODUCTS
  derived from other systems, e.g. transport
  timeseries from ferry ADCP sections, would be
  included in data base.
• Transport sections using whatever technique
  are included in choke points and major
• boundary current systems IF based on
  Eulerian data (moorings, gliders, tomography,
  etc)
• Coastal timeseries are included when they are
  instrumented to have multidisciplinary
• impact on the global observing system and if
  they are not part of a national coastal buoy
• network.

• Any implemented site fulfilling criteria will
  become part of the system but has to deliver
• its data into the system and to demonstrate
  successful operation and value after 5 years.
• Real-time data telemetry of operational
  variables will be pursued, i.e. make effort if
• technically feasible
• Agreement to make data public in near
  real-time for real-time data or as soon as
  processed
• and post-calibrated for other data

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VISION
a global network of observatories, coordinated
among many countries, serving many disciplines,
providing data and products freely and in
real-time...
This is a realistic goal as will be shown in the
following A number of requirements and
developments will enable
and drive a sustained/operational future for
moorings
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Requirement 1 Routine multi-disciplinary
observations (physical,
atmospheric, biogeochemical, geophysical,
biological, tsunami)
Also zooplankton, fish, mammals...
(all existing, feasible, proposed, planned)
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Requirement 2 Telemetry systems and
standardization
Spar buoy for high-bandwidth satellite telemetry
and power generation

• Acoustic
• mooring sensors ? buoy
• bottom sensors ? buoy
• Inductive
• - mooring sensors ? buoy
• Cables
• mooring/bottom sensors ?
  shore
• Satellite links
• Iridium, ARGOS
• high-bandwidth systems
• Glider relais
• acoustic link to mooring/ bottom sensors,
  transmission via satellite when at surface
• Standardization
• - agreed protocols (e.g.TCPIP) and hardware
  standards (signal levels, baud rate, acoustic
  encoding,etc)

(all existing, feasible, proposed, planned)
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Requirement 3 Mooring technologies
Available now or in near future surface and
subsurface moorings, winched systems, cabled
moorings, high-latitude spar buoys, virtual
moorings, under-ice moorings,...
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Requirement 4 Interdisciplinary and
international Coordination
International coordination is critical for
sharing resources, addressing global issues,
standardization and harmonization, attracting and
serving a user community, data management,
visibility and advocacy... ???
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Requirement 5 Globally coordinated,
consistent, efficient data management
(strategies, technologies,
infrastructure for ocean observatories)

• Need
• data from the entirety of ocean observing
  systems should be easily available, in a single
  operation, in homogeneous formats
• metadata vocabulary independent of sensors and
  platforms and disciplines

• Solutions
• Infrastructure
• centralized global ftp servers (ARGO, GOSUD,
  Global Drifter Center,)
• distributed systems OpenDap (some major
  projects are starting )
• Catalogues (JCommOps, EDIOS)
• Syntax
• NetCDF format definitions (ARGO, OceanSITES,)
• GTS formats (DBCP, VOS, ARGO,.)
• Progress made within single projects/communities
  (ARGO, GOSUD, OceanSITES, Mersea)

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data management (continued.)

• Challenges
• Semantics
• Is a satellite SST equivalent to an In-Situ SST
  or a Model output SST?
• Overarching solutions
• very complex to solve the problem as a whole,
  difficult to assemble all required expertises
• in one group
• explore mapping techniques between several
  standard vocabularies (MMI project)

• Plan and Vision for Timeseries
• 2 global data portals (under construction in
  OceanSITES)
• NetCDF format has been defined in consistency
  with other/prior program (e.g. ARGO) and with
  the US DMAC philosophy
• multi-disciplinary data from all (public)
  deep-ocean timeseries sites will be available
  in real-time, with single queries
• more challenging since several communities need
  to come together

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Requirement 6 Homogeneous QC procedures
Data from a SYSTEM of moorings is only useful if
comparable/consistent within each other and with
outside data Operational users must be able to
trust consistent quality flagging/error
estimates - accepting erroneous data can
cause erroneous forecasts - rejecting
extreme but good data can lead to miss important
events in forecast
Need consistent QC procedures between single
moorings AND with other platforms

• 3 required steps for moorings anticipated
• - real time QC needed by various operational
  users required within a few hours ! Must
  be automatic (gross error tests, temporal
  coherence of the time series, consistency
  between different levels,..)
• first delayed mode step before mooring recovery
  e.g. statistical method to compare with
  historical and other data and spatial/temporal
  variability in the area ? offset/drift, error
  bars
• second delayed mode step after mooring recovery
  post-calibration, reduced uncertainty

Methods from ARGO (profiles) and GOSUD
(timeseries) are now being transferred to gliders
and moorings in MERSEA ? experience will be
brought to OceanSITES
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Requirement 7 Sustained support
(funding, infrastructure,
organization, operation)
GEO (Group on Earth Observation)
http//earthobservations.org Achieve
comprehensive, coordinated and sustained
observations of the Earth system ? Timely,
quality long-term global information as a basis
for sound decision making. The ocean component
is a major element of GEO, and will include an
observatory/mooring network. Many countries are
committing to GEO and to setting up the GEOSS.
OceanSITES is working closely with POGO,
Ocean-United and IOC to provide input to GEO.

• GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and
  Security) http//www.gmes.info
• A concerted European effort to build end-to-end
  system for monitoring the environment and
  increasing civil security
• make environmental and security-related
  information available
• provide enhanced or new services
• It is planned to include an organization for
  operational ocean observation, which is a natural
  home for an operational mooring activity.

NOAA and NSF
http//www.noaa.gov, www.orionprogram.org The
US NOAA Office of Global Programs is supporting a
number of sustained ocean reference stations,
with a projected growth towards a larger
contribution to a global network. NSF ORION
program is under contruction.
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Requirement 8 Interaction with users and
definition/provision of products

• Like other sustained systems, timeseries needs
  also have to be defined by applications and users
• environmental and climate monitoring
• science needs
• modelling and forecasting (validation) ?
  reference stations
• management of natural/living resources
• hazard warning and mitigation
• ....

• Add value to data by providing products and
  indicators, e.g.
• intensity of processes (air-sea fluxes,
  critical vertical/horizontal exchanges,
  productivity,....)
• state and health of the oceanatmosphere
  (physics/climate, ecosystem, inventories,
  chemicals, populations,...)
• forecast/warning indicators (El Nino, NAO,
  blooms, pollution, earthquake,...)
• (Funds are being sought from NOAA for a
  scientific support position with this goal)

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Status and Developments
Since JCOMM 2005 meeting in Halifax, OceanSITES
is a recognized component of global ocean
observing system being integrated under GOOS,
JCOMM, etc.
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Outcomes of OceanSITES meeting, February 06,
Hawaii

• requesting special status wrt DBCP both action
  group and science project (since not
  operational, many differences like ship-based and
  watercolumn, no project office support, etc)

• OceanSITES Data Team met for first time and
  agreed on wide range of issues, approaches,
  architectures (more below)

• OceanSITES website was transferred to WHOI/CICOR
  and design reviewed

• OceanSITES brochure was reviewed and fine-tuned
  (available in print now)

• Clarification on what type of timeseries are
  included in OceanSITES only truly Eulerian
  ones, i.e. no ship sections or underway data, no
  surveys with vessels or gliders around a site.
  But PRODUCTS derived from other systems, e.g.
  transport timeseries from ferry ADCP sections,
  would be included in data base.

• OceanSITES involvement in Ocean-United and GEO
  agreed

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Counting and nomenclature of sites/network
Clarify name Best is ocean reference station
observatory ocean timeseries
site Make clear when only air-sea flux
reference stations are meant.
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  Tropical arrays
• Agreed to include/keep in OceanSITES format
  regardless of transitioning to DBCP (included
  Don Conlee in Steering Team for this).
• Count routine tropical arrays separately and
  shows as box.
• Include the enhanced or super sites in
  reference network counting and show as separate
  sites

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OceanSITES Data System

• A data format has been agreed on, modelled after
  ARGO, consistent with other international and
  US efforts, NetCDF
• conventions on architecture and procedures
  established (DACs, GDACs, portals, etc)

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OceanSITES Data System

• Coriolis/IFREMER started to be one GDAC, waiting
  to hear about a NOAA GDAC
• Sample data are flowing now from - WHOI
  air-sea flux sites - ANIMATE/MERSEA sites -
  NOAA/KEO mooring - Dickey Bermuda mooring -
  MOVE moorings - MBARI moorings (under way) -
  ship hydrography from Hawaii/Bermuda (under way)
• Plan to expand and invite others, once data
  system and format is demonstrated and
  operational
• in future, it will be a requirement to
  contribute data publicly, in order to be part of
  OceanSITES, reflected on implementation maps

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Color coding to represent data status
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Science Implementation
Scientific applications are driving most of the
existing sites at present
circulation
air-sea flux
biogeochemistry
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Science drivers to occupy and sustain global
sites
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Science drivers to occupy and sustain global
sites
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Website
www.oceansites.org
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Brochure now available
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• Invitation to other projects present (IMBER,
  SOLAS, GEOTRACES, etc)
• to
• express interests and rationales for specific
  timeseries sites (existing or additional
  ones)
• cooperate on implementation, maintenance,
  operation of sites
• cooperate on data system for timeseries-type
  data

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Nutrient and chlorophyll data at PAP
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5-year internal transport timeseries from ongoing
MOVE project
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US/NSF OOI/ORION initiative
Ambitious transformative long-term
infrastructure enabling novel research(interactiv
e communication/control to all sensors, seafloor,
moving platforms, profilers, many sensors and
disciplines, adaptable)
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Realtime boundary current observing system under
development

• Moorings
• determine net mass transport, including eddies,
  recirculations,...
• For heat transport need
• vT dx dz
• Gliders
• provide regular upper layer T-weighting of v
  distribution in stream coordinates
• IESpressure
• when upper-layer flow and heat content is know,
  this provides lower-layer correlation of v and T.

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Possible configuration.
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Possible issues for JCOMM

• facilitate cooperation with other communities
  (tsunami, waves, etc)
• facilitate sharing of ships (including
  inter-agency, e.g. NOAA-UNOLS)
• facilitate sharing of infrastructure, e.g can
  ORION and NOAA contribute to upgraded PAPA or
  Peru Stratus moorings ?
• help with advocacy to GEO what do JCOMM and
  IOC do ?
• help with project office support ?

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Thank you..