Galileo Missions to Juptier

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Galileo Missions to Juptier

• Craig Lieneck

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Galileo Spacecraft

• One of the most complex robotic spacecraft ever
  flown.
• Consists of two spacecrafts
• Orbiter
• On-orbit mass 2380 KgPower System
  Radioisotope Thermal Generators (RTGs)
• Atmospheric Probe
• On-orbit mass 335 KgPower System Storage
  batteries of 580 W

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Mission Goals - Probe

• Determine the chemical composition of the Jovian
  atmosphere.
• Characterize the structure of the atmosphere to a
  depth of at least 10 bars.
• Investigate the nature of cloud particles and the
  location and structure of cloud layers.
• Examine the Jovian radiative heat balance.
• Study the nature of Jovian lightning activity.
• Measure the flux of energetic charged particles
  down to the top of the atmosphere.

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Mission Goals - Orbiter

• Investigate the circulation and dynamics of the
  Jovian atmosphere.
• Study the interaction of the Jovian magnetosphere
  with the Galilean satellites.
• Characterize the morphology, geology, and
  physical state of the Galilean satellites.
• Investigate the composition and distribution of
  surface minerals on the Galilean satellites.
• Determine the gravitational and magnetic fields
  and dynamic properties of the Galilean
  satellites.
• Study the atmospheres, ionospheres, and extended
  gas clouds of the Galilean satellites.

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Initial Setbacks

• Initial Launch Plan
• May 1986.
• Carried on Space Shuttle to low-orbit.
• Centaur Rockets to Jupiter.
• Problems
• Challenger Disaster occurred in January, 1986.
• Centaur Rockets forbidden on Space Shuttle.

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The Solution

• VEEGA Venus-Earth-Earth-Gravity-Assist
• Galileo to use the gravity of Venus and Earth to
  boost to Jupiter.
• Brought spacecraft closer than expected to sun.
• Kept spacecraft in space longer than expected.

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Liftoff

• Launched aboard Atlantis Space Shuttle on October
  18, 1989.

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Tracking Galileo

• Used Deep Space Network
• Series of large antennas equally around Earth.

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Venus

• February 19, 1990
• Galileo flies within 12,000km of Venus.
• Images gave new information about structure and
  dynamics of atmosphere.

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Earth Flyby 1

• December 8, 1990
• Flew 960km over Western Atlantic Ocean.
• 1000 pictures for an Earth-Rotation movie.

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Asteroid Belt - 1st Time

• October 29, 1991
• Encountered Asteroid 951 Gaspra
• Photographed 60 of surface from 5000km.
• Galileo came within 1600km.

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Earth Flyby 2

• December 8, 1992
• Came within 305km.
• Scientists calibrated instruments one last time.

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Asteroid Belt 2nd Time

• Encountered Asteroid Ida August 28, 2993
• Twice the size of Gaspra.
• Surprise - Found small moon orbiting Ida (Dactyl).

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Shoemaker/Levy-9

• Galileo observes impact of S/L-9 into Jupiter in
  7/94
• 23 fragments splash into Juptier.

• Galileo was 240 million km away.

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Final Mission - Jupiter

• 7/13/95 Atmospheric Probe released
  from spacecraft.
• 7/27/95 Orbiter Deflection Manuver (ODM)
• 10/9/95 Initial descent.
• 10/11/95 Tape recorder troubles.
• 12/7/95 Probe reaches Jupiters
  atmosphere.

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Final Mission - Probe

• Entered atmosphere at 160,000mph.
• Deployed parachute and released heat sheild.
• 58 minute descent through 95 miles of Jovian
  atmosphere.
• Atmosphere drier than earlier predictions. Clouds
  and lightning observed in distance.
• Probe vaporized after encountering 450mph winds.

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Final Mission - Orbiter

• Originally planned 11 orbits.
• First 11 orbits designed for close-up pictures of
  moons.
• At same time, measurements made of Jupiter's
  magnetosphere.

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Final Misson - Extended

• Mission extended for GEM Galileo Europa
  Mission.
• Observed fire, ice, and water on the moon Europa.
• Supported theory of underground ocean on Europa.
• Made way through Jupiters radiation to observe
  Lava fountain on Io.
• Missions would be extended two more times for
  further research.

Io Europa Ganymede Callisto
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Conclusion

• 9/21/03 - Galileo guided into Jupiters dense
  atmosphere, destroying the spacecraft. Done
  to avoid any impact with Galilean Satellites.
• Last signal 124314 PDT.
• Total Distance Traveled 4,631,778,000km
  about 2.8 billion miles
• Major Accomplishments
• First mission for long-term observation of Jovian
  system.
• Evidence of liquid layers of saltwater on Europa.
• Ganymede and Castillo volcanic activity.
• First observation of asteroid with moon.

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References

• http//www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/tour/tourtoc.html
• http//www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/index.html