'

1
?????? ?????

• ????
• ??????
• ??????
• ???????

2
????

• ??? ?????
• ???????
• ???? ?????
• ???? ??????
• ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????

3
????

• ???? ???
• ???? ????
• ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????
• ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????.

4
?????? ?????

• ????
• ??????
• ??????
• ???????

5
??????

• The MuBot Agent http//www.crystaliz.com/logicwar
  e/mubot.html "The term agent is used to
  represent two orthogonal concepts.
• The first is the agent's ability for autonomous
  execution.
• The second is the agent's ability to perform
  domain oriented reasoning."

6
??????

• The AIMA Agent Russell and Norvig 1995, page 33
  
• "An agent is anything that can be viewed as
  perceiving its environment through sensors and
  acting upon that environment through effectors."

7
??????

• The Maes Agent Maes 1995, page 108 "Autonomous
  agents are computational systems that inhabit
  some complex dynamic environment, sense and act
  autonomously in this environment, and by doing so
  realize a set of goals or tasks for which they
  are designed."

8
??????

• The KidSim Agent Smith, Cypher and Spohrer 1994
  
• "Let us define an agent as a persistent software
  entity dedicated to a specific purpose.

9
??????

• 'Persistent' distinguishes agents from
  subroutines agents have their own ideas about
  how to accomplish tasks, their own agendas
• 'Special purpose' distinguishes them from entire
  multifunction applications agents are typically
  much smaller."

10
??????

• The Hayes-Roth Agent Hayes-Roth 1995
  Intelligent agents continuously perform three
  functions perception of dynamic conditions in
  the environment action to affect conditions in
  the environment and reasoning to interpret
  perceptions, solve problems, draw inferences, and
  determine actions.

11
??????

• The IBM Agent http//activist.gpl.ibm.com81/Whit
  ePaper/ptc2.htm "Intelligent agents are software
  entities that carry out some set of operations on
  behalf of a user or another program with some
  degree of independence or autonomy, and in so
  doing, employ some knowledge or representation of
  the user's goals or desires."

12
??????

• The WooldridgeshypJennings Agent Wooldridge
  and Jennings 1995, page 2
• "... a hardware or (more usually) software-based
  computer system that enjoys the following
  properties

13
??????

• autonomy agents operate without the direct
  intervention of humans or others, and have some
  kind of control over their actions and internal
  state

14
??????

• social ability agents interact with other agents
  (and possibly humans) via some kind of
  agent-communication language

15
??????

• reactivity agents perceive their environment,
  (which may be the physical world, a user via a
  graphical user interface, a collection of other
  agents, the INTERNET, or perhaps all of these
  combined), and respond in a timely fashion to
  changes that occur in it

16
??????

• pro-activeness agents do not simply act in
  response to their environment, they are able
  to exhibit goal-directed behavior by taking the
  initiative."

17
??????

• The SodaBot Agent Michael Coen
  http//www.ai.mit.edu/people/sodabot/slideshow/tot
  al/P001.html "Software agents are
• programs that engage in dialogs and negotiate
  and coordinate transfer of information."

18
??????

• The Brustoloni Agent Brustoloni 1991, Franklin
  1995, p. 265 "Autonomous agents are systems
  capable of autonomous, purposeful action in the
  real world."

19
??????

• Franklin and Graesser Agent
• An autonomous agent is a system situated within
  and a part of an environment that senses that
  environment and acts on it, over time, in pursuit
  of its own agenda and so as to effect what it
  senses in the future.

20
?????

• Letizia
• An agent that assist web browsing.
• Search Breadth fst. Vs. Depth fst.
• User modelling content based

21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
?????? ?????

• ????
• ??????
• ??????
• ???????

24
??????

• ???? ???? ???? ??????
• ???? ??????? - ???? ?????
• ????? ???????
• ?????? ??????? ????????

25
??????

• ???? ???? ???? ??????
• ???? ??????? - ???? ?? ???? ?????
• ?? ???? ??????
• ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????

26
??????

• ???? ???? ???? ??????
• ????? ???????/??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????
• ????? ?????????? ????????????
• ???? ????? ??????

27
??????

• ???? ???? ???? ??????
• ?????? ??????? ????????
• ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????
• ?? ????? ?????

28
??????

• ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?
• ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????
• ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???
• ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????
• ??????? ???????? ????

29
????
??????
???????
?????
?
????
??????
???????
(effectors)
30
??????

• ???? ??????? ???????
• ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ???
  ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????, ?? ????
  ???????? ????? ????? ??.

31
??????

• ?????????? ????
• ??????? (sensors), ???????? ?????? (percepts) ?
• ?????, ???????
• effectors

32
??????

• ????? ????
• ???? ?????? ???????
• ????
• ?????????? ?????

33
???????
34
?????

• ??? ????? ????
• function SKELETON-AGENT (percept) returns action
• static memory /agents memory of the world/
• memory lt UPDATE-MEMORY(memory,percept)
• action lt CHOOSE-BEST-ACTION(memory)
• memory lt UPDATE-MEMORY(memory,action)
• return action

35
?????

• ???? ?????
• function TABLE-DRIVEN-AGENT (percept) returns
  action
• static percepts /a sequence, initially empty/
• table / a table, indexed by percept sequences,
  initially fully specified/
• APPEND percept TO THE END OF percepts
• action lt LOOKUP(percepts,table)
• return action

36
?????

• ??????
• ???? ????? ????? (????????)
• ????? ????? ???
• ????? ???? ????????

37
?????

• ????? ???? ??? ?????
• ??????? ?????, ?? ??????, GPS, ?????, ????????
• ?????? ?????, ????, ???? ?? ????
• ????? ????? ?????, ????? ??????, ???? ??????
• ????? ?????, ??? ???, ?????-???, ??????

38
?????

• ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????
• ??, ??? ???? ?????.

39
?????

• Simple Reflex
• ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? (?????
  ????, knowledge)
• ???? ??? ???
• ????, ?? ??? ??????, ?????
• ??????
• ?? ??????? ????? ?????
• ??? ?? ??????

40
Simple reflex agent
Sensors
What the world is like now
environment
What action I should do now
Condition-Action rules
effectors
41
?????

• Simple Reflex
• function SIMPLE-REFLEX-AGENT(percept) returns
  action
• static rules /a set of condition-action rules/
• state lt INTERPRET-INPUT(percept)
• rule lt RULE-MATCH(state,rules)
• action lt RULE-ACTION(rule)
• return action

42
?????

• Simple reflex Taxi Driver
• ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????
  ???????
• ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???
• ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????
• ???? ????? ?? ?????
• ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????
• ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????

43
?????

• Agent that keeps track of the world
• ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????
• ????? ???? ??? ?????
• ????? ?????? ????? ?
• ??????
• ??? ?????
• ??????? ?????
• ????? ?????? ?? ?????

44
Agent that keeps track of the world
Sensors
state
What the world is like now
How the world evolves
What my actions do
environment
What action I should do now
Condition-Action rules
effectors
45
?????

• Reflex Agent With State
• function REFLEX-AGENT-WITH-STATE(percept) returns
  action
• static state / a description of the current
  world-state/
• rules /a set of condition-action rules/

46
?????

• Reflex Agent With State
• state lt UPDATE-STATE(percept,state)
• rule lt RULE-MATCH(state,rules)
• action lt RULE-ACTION(rule)
• state lt UPDATE-STATE(action,state)
• return action

47
?????

• Taxi driver that keeps track of the world
• ????? ????? ?????, ????,
• ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ????.
• ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? - ???? ????

48
?????

• Goal based agent
• ????? ?????? ????? ??????
• ?????? ?????? ????
• ????? (search)
• ????? (planning)
• ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????

49
?????

• Goal based agent
• ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????
• ????? ???? ??? ?????
• ????? ?????? ????? ?
• ??????
• ??? ?????
• ??????? ?????
• ????? ?????? ?? ?????

50
Goal Based Agent
Sensors
state
What the world is like now
How the world evolves
What it will be like If I do action A
What my actions do
environment
Goals
What action I should do now
effectors
51
?????

• Goal based Taxi Driver
• ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????
• ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????
• ???? ????
• ???? ???? / ????? ?????
• ???? ?????? (?????? ????? ?????)

52
?????

• Utility based agent
• UTILITY ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????
  ????????
• ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????
• ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????

53
Utility Based Agent
Sensors
state
What the world is like now
How the world evolves
What it will be like If I do action A
What my actions do
environment
Utility
How happy will I be in such state
What action I should do now
effectors
54
??????

• ???? ???? ?????? ??????
• ????????? ?? ??????
• accessible vs. inaccessible
• deterministic vs. nondeterministic
• episodic vs. nonepesodic
• static vs. dynamic
• discrete vs. continuous

55
??????

• Environment Acces. Deter. Epis. Stat
  Discr
• chess clock y y n
  semi y
• chess - clock y y n
  y y
• poker n n n
  y y
• backgammon y n n y
  y
• taxi driving n n n
  n n
• medical diag n n n
  n n
• image anal y y y
  semi n

56
??????

• Environment Acces. Deter. Epis. Stat
  Discr
• part pick rob. n n y
  n n
• Refinery cont n n n
  n n
• english tutor n n n
  n y