Emissions Inventory and Air Quality Planning

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Emissions Inventory and Air Quality Planning

• National Urban Air Quality Workshop Lahore,
  Pakistan
• December 13, 2004

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Topics of Discussion

• Air Quality Planning Matrix
• What is an emission inventory
• Why is emission inventory needed
• What is role of air monitoring and modeling
• How to develop control strategies
• Case Studies and Lessons Learned

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Matrix for Air Quality Planning

• Adopt air quality standards
• Establish air monitoring network
• Develop emissions inventory
• Develop control strategies
• Test strategies through modeling
• Involve and educate public on strategies
• Adopt air quality management plan

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What is an Emission Inventory?

• Complete listing, by source, of air pollutant
  emissions
• Covers a specific geographic area
• Covers a specific period of time
• Organized by type of data (e.g., point, area,
  mobile, biogenic)

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What can EmissionInventory tell you?

• Where air pollution is emitted
• How much is emitted from each source
• What sources would be most effective to control

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What can Emission InventoryNOT tell you?

• The distance that air pollutant emissions are
  transported
• The amount of air pollution to which people are
  exposed
• The health risk fromthe air pollution

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Why is emission inventory needed

• Identify sources of pollution
• Identify pollutants of concern
• Identify distribution and trends
• Input to air quality monitoring
• Input to air quality modeling
• Input to develop control strategies

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How is Emission Inventory used?

• Identifying and planning for allocation of source
  contributors
• Developing an emissions control strategy
• Permitting sources and imposing emission fees
• Public information and awareness
• Monitoring and tracking of emissions trends

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Sources of Emissions

• Stationary (e.g. industrial processes, fuel
  combustion)
• Mobile (e.g. on road and off road vehicles)
• Area wide (e.g. landfills, open burning)
• Biogenic (e.g. vegetation, soils)

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Building an Emission Inventory

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How to inventory emissions?

• Continuous emission monitors
• Periodic stack tests
• Emission Factors
• Material balance

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Source Activity Data Required

• Vehicles - registration by mode, traffic
  projections
• Fuel Use vehicles, industry, home
• Industrial Production products, volume,
  combustion, pollutants
• Weather temperature, Rainfall
• Growth population, development, distribution

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Forecasting future emissions

• Projected population growth
• Projected development growth
• Projected emissions growth
• Determine what and where emission sources will
  require additional controls

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Role of air quality monitoring

• Establish air quality monitoring network
• Determine key pollutants for which monitoring
  will be done
• Establish guidelines for sitting monitors, data
  handling and reporting
• Measures concentrations of key pollutants to
  compare to air quality standards and develop
  control strategies

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Role of Air Quality Modeling

• Test control strategies based on modeling inputs
  (emissions inventory data, meteorological data)
• Validate against monitored air quality data
• Weigh evidence, take mid-course correction, and
  make changes to strategies if necessary

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Developing Control Strategies

• Determine key pollutants of concern from air
  monitoring
• Review contributions of pollutants from source
  sectors using emission inventory
• Evaluate control strategies based on technical
  feasibility, cost effectiveness, affordability to
  source, public acceptability, and adverse effects
  on other environmental media

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Enforcing Control Strategies

• Ensure legal authority to enforce through
  statute, regulations, court
• Incorporate strategies in permit conditions for
  existing and new sources
• Outreach to affected sectors, industry, and the
  general public to promote compliance

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Case Study State of Maryland, US

• Maryland has 15 air monitors showing exceedance
  with National Ambient Air Quality Standards
  (NAAQS) on average 14 days a year
• USEPA has found Maryland to be in severe
  nonattainment of NAAQS for Baltimore and
  Washington areas

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Maryland Case Study

• Based on emissions inventory data, Baltimore has
  estimated NOX emissions of 475 tons per day
• Major source emitters include
• Utilities (179 tons), light duty gasoline
  vehicles (70 tons), heavy duty diesel vehicles
  (55 tons), general manufacturing (38 tons), and
  farm equipment (8 tons)

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Maryland Case Study

• Enhanced inspection and maintenance program is
  estimated to reduce 70 tons per day when fully
  implemented
• Strongly opposed by the general public based on
  inconvenience to motorist
• Major public awareness campaign launched by
  government, industry and NGOs
• Legislators voted to change mandatory program to
  voluntary, Governor forced to veto legislation
  during election year

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Case Study Chiang Mai, Thailand

• Chiang Mai is the second largest municipality in
  Thailand and had lacked capacity in air quality
  management
• Thai Pollution Control Department, Chiang Mai
  Municipality, and State of Maryland worked
  together to develop first air quality plan for
  Chiang Mai

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Chiang Mai Case Study

• Emissions inventory database was developed in
  three source categories stationary, area, and
  mobile
• For stationary sources, questionnaire sent out to
  industry based on activity (food agriculture,
  waste disposal, wood products, storage tanks)
• Information collected on type/amount of material
  used, fuel, production capacity, operating
  time/season, combustion units, control devices,
  type of emissions

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Chiang Mai Case Study

• Achieving Environmental Results Workshop held
  with stakeholders government, industry,
  taxi/bus associations, police, NGOs, religious
  leaders, academia, media
• Stakeholders brainstormed on menu of control
  strategies
• Based on stakeholder inputs, air quality
  management plan adopted
• Citizen Advisory Committee established to monitor
  compliance

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Lessons Learned

• Effective air quality planning requires a
  reliable database for decision-making
• Building database requires documentation,
  computerization, training, and continuous efforts
  
• Choices of control strategies will vary based
  sources, growth, feasibility, and acceptability
• Public participation and awareness of urban air
  quality issues is key to political will and
  ultimate success