Leadership

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Leadership
Leadership Theory and Practice, 3/e Peter G.
Northouse, Ph.D.
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Overview

• Conceptualizing Leadership
• Leadership Definition
• Components of the Definition
• Followers Leadership

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Conceptualizing Leadership
Some definitions view leadership as

• The focus of group processes
• A personality perspective
• An act or behavior
• In terms of the power relationship between
  leaders followers
• An instrument of goal achievement

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Leadership Defined

• Leadership
• is a process whereby an individual influences a
  group of individuals to achieve a common goal.

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Components Central to the Phenomenon of
Leadership
Leadership

• Is a process
• Involves influence
• Occurs within a group context
• Involves goal attainment

Leaders

• Are not above followers
• Are not better than followers
• Rather, an interactive relationship with
  followers

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LEADERSHIPDESCRIBED

• Trait vs. Process Leadership
• Assigned vs. Emergent Leadership
• Leadership Power
• Leadership Coercion
• Leadership Management

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Trait vs. Process Leadership
Trait definition of leadership

• Certain individuals have special innate or inborn
  characteristics or qualities that differentiate
  them from nonleaders.
• Resides in select people
• Restricted to those with inborn talent

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Trait vs. Process Leadership
The process definition of Leadership

• Leadership is a property or set of properties
  possessed in varying degrees by different people
  (Jago, 1982).
• Observed in leadership behaviors
• Can be learned

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Assigned vs. Emergent Leadership
Assigned
Emergent

• Leadership based on occupying a position within
  an organization
• Team leaders
• Plant managers
• Department heads
• Directors

• An individual perceived by others as the most
  influential member of a group or organization
  regardless of the individuals title
• Emerges over time through communication
• Personality

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Leadership Power
Bases of Social Power French Raven (1959)
Power

• Power is the capacity or potential to influence
• Two kinds of power
• Position
• Personal

• Reward
• Coercive
• Legitimate
• Referent
• Expert

Power is a relational concern for both leaders
and followers.
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Leadership Coercion
Coercion Involves
Examples of Coercive Leaders

• The use of force to effect change
• Influencing others to do something via
  manipulation of rewards and penalties in the work
  environment
• Use of threats, punishments, negative rewards

• Adolf Hitler
• Jim Jones
• David Koresh

Power restraint used to force followers
to engage in extreme behavior
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Leadership Management Kotter (1990)
Management Activities
Leadership Activities
Produces order and consistency
Produces change and movement

• Planning / Budgeting
• Organizing / Staffing
• Controlling / Problem
• Solving

• Establishing direction
• Aligning people
• Motivating / Inspiring

Major activities of management and leadership are
played out differently BUT both are
essential for an organization to prosper.
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Leadership ManagementZaleznik (1977)
Managers Unidirectional Authority
Leaders Multidirectional Influence