Lunchless Learn

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Lunchless Learn

• So you want to make a map
• Where how to find data

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Agenda

• Geospatial data What is it? How is it made?
• Vector vs Raster
• File formats
• Projections
• Data Sources
• Q A
• Session Evaluation

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What if I have questions?

• Feel free to ask questions throughout the session
  just raise your hand
• There are no stupid questions
• (trust us!)
• One voice at a time please!

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Geospatial Data

• What is it?
• place attribute time
• Locations and descriptions of geographic
  features a combination of spatial data and
  descriptive data
• Geospatial data can be linked to other
  non-spatial datasets
• time is optional

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Estimates are that 80 of all data has a spatial
component!
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Geospatial Data

• How is it collected?
• Survey Techniques
• Aerial Photography Remote Sensing
• GPS
• Geo-coding Databases
• Digitizing Scanning

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Survey Techniques

• Defining the location of a point in our
  environment
• Location is relative
• Determining new positions with respect to
  existing reference features
• Measuring angles distances from geodetic
  control points

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Aerial Photography

• Topographic map compilation
• Resource inventories
• Large areas in great detail

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Remote Sensing

• The science of deriving information about the
  earth from images acquired at a distance.
• Methods
• aerial photography
• radar
• satellite imaging

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GPS

• Global Positioning System
• Satellite-based navigation system
• 24 orbiting satellites
• Originally intended for military
• Made available to all in 1980s
• Works in any weather, anywhere on earth, 24 hours
  a day

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GPS

• Satellites circle earth twice a day
• (7000 miles/hour!)
• Transmit info to earth
• GPS receivers use info to calculate location
• Extremely accurate

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Geo-coding Databases

• A method of attaching spatial locations to
  datasets
• Often done with addresses
• Can be used with any database containing a
  locational attribute

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Scanning Digitizing

• Creating vector data from images
• Hard-copy maps, aerial photographs
• Digitizing tablets, graphics packages
• Scanning georeferencing

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Types of GIS Data
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Types of GIS Data

• Vector
• Deals with features
• Points, Lines, and Polygons
• (topographic data)

• Raster
• Uses pixels or arrays of cells to represent
  features on the earth
• (satellite imagery,
• air photos, scanned images)

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Image of Vector/Raster
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File Formats

• What is a File Format?
• File format is the mechanism of how data is
  stored on the computer. It indicates to the
  system where to look for various pieces of
  information.
• Format is important as not all GIS read all types
  of formats.

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File Formats

• What do they include?
• Geographic Information
• Where data is located and its shape
• Attribute Information
• Additional non-spatial data
• Display Information
• How features will display on screen
• Not all formats have all 3 types of info

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Vector Formats

• ESRI Formats
• Shape files (.SHP) A set of related files that
  have the same name but different extensions
  (.shp, .shx, and .dbf)
• Coverage A directory that contains a set of
  files. This is an older ESRI format
• Geodatabase A mechanism to put many layers or
  themes into a single file system (File or
  Personal)
• Arc Export (interchange) format (.E00) An
  exchange format that bundles coverage into a
  single file. Must be uncompressed / imported
  before it can be used

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Vector Formats

• Formats ESRI Accepts
• Autodesk Data Interchange Format Autodesk Drawing
  format (.DXF or .DWG)
• MapInfo Data Transfer Files (.MIF)
• Digital Line Graphs (.DLG)
• S57 International Hydrographic Organisation
  Transfer Standard for Electronic Navigation
  Charts (.ENC)
• Spatial Data Transfer System (SDTS)
• Vector Product Format (.VPF)

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Vector Formats

• Vector Formats not supported by ESRI
• MapInfo Files (.MAP)
• Caris export format (.NTX)

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Raster Formats

• ESRI Internal Format
• Grid
• ASCII (.TXT, .ASC)

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Raster Formats

• Formats ESRI Accepts
• Band Interleaved by Line (.BIL)
• Tagged Image File Format / Geotif (.TIF)
• USGS Digital Elevation Model (.DEM)

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Coordinate Systems Projections
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Coordinate Systems

• Also known as reference systems
• Known locations used to determine feature
  locations
• 2 types
• Geographic
• Projected

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Coordinate Systems

• Geographic
• Locate objects on a curved surface

• Projected
• Locate objects on a flat surface

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Geographic Coordinate Systems

• Longitude and latitude are angles measured from
  the earths centre to a point on the earths
  surface

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Projected Coordinate Systems
Feature locations are measured using x and y
coordinate values from the point of origin
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Coordinate Systems

• Geographic
• Network of intersecting lines called a graticule
• Latitude longitude
• Measure of angle from earths centre to a point
  on the surface
• Measurements expressed in degrees, minutes,
  seconds or Decimal Degrees
• Goal is locational accuracy

• Projected
• Uses a grid with an x and y axis
• Latitude longitude converted (projected) to
  planar coordinates
• Locations are measured with an x and y value from
  a point of origin
• Goal is accurate analysis (measure distance,
  calculate area, shortest distance)

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Datums

• The earth is not a perfect sphere its a
  spheroid
• Spheroids can be used to represent the earth
• Many different spheroids
• With coordinate systems, datums specify which
  spheroid is being used to model the earth

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Coordinate Systems

• All geographic datasets have a geographic
  coordinate system
• Some datasets also have a
• projected coordinate system
• Your datasets may or may not have the same
  coordinate system
• http//projections.mgis.psu.edu/

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Coordinate Systems

• ArcMap has on-the-fly projection
• This method of projection works - as long as
  your datasets share the same geographic
  coordinate system
• If not, there may be some misalignment

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Show me the data!
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So where can I find data?

• Dalhousies GIS Centre
• Municipal, Provincial Federal Government
• Private Companies
• Community Groups Organizations

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Scale Issues

• Many data sources data at many different scales
• This is common and poses a challenge for
  interpretation analysis

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Data at the GIS Centre

• HRM Topo Data, 11,000
• NS Topo Data, 110,000
• DMTI Spatial Data, variable scales
• ESRI data, variable scales

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Data at the GIS Centre

• Browse our website
• http//magic.library.dal.ca
• Then contact us!
• We will package the data and deliver it to you
  via e-mail or a jump drive

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Free Data??
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Other Data Sources

• There are a number of sources to access data
• Data Warehouses
• Internet
• Contacting Mapping Organisations
• Collecting your own

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Useful (FREE) Online GIS Data Sources

• Topography Roads, coastlines, cities etc
• Canada - http//www.geogratis.gc.ca/geogra
  tis/en/download/topographic.html
• Nova Scotia - http//www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/land/
• New Brunswick -
• http//www.snb.ca/gdam-igec/e/2900e_1c_i.asp
• PEI - http//www.gov.pe.ca/gis/index.php3?number
  77868
• Nova Scotia Natural Resources
• Forestry - http//www.gov.ns.ca/natr/forestry/G
  IS/downloads.htm
• Geology - http//www.gov.ns.ca/natr/meb/pubs/pubs
  3.htm
• GeoGratis maps, satellite, tabular data
• http//www.geogratis.ca/

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Useful (FREE) Online GIS Data Sources

• GISDataDepot worldwide datasets, coarse
  resolution
• http//data.geocomm.com/catalog/index.html
• Geoconnections contains links to GIS data and
  maps
• http//www.geoconnections.org/CGDI.cfm
• NGDC Geophysical data, elevation and bathymetry
• http//www.ngdc.noaa.gov/
• Agriculture Canada - soils database
• http//sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/nsdb/detailed/intro.h
  tml

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Scenerio

• Planning on doing sampling exercise in the Bay
  of Fundy. Asked to create maps showing where
  data has already been collected. Would also like
  to have information on depths in the area.
• Data Requirements
• Sample Locations
• Bathymetry data
• Coastal Outlines

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Bringing ASCII data into ArcMap

• Step 1 Get data
• To bring text data into ArcMap, data must be in
  either .dbf format (DBase) or .csv (comma
  separated/delimited).
• Conversion to either of these formats can be done
  through Microsoft Excel
• Recommend .csv as there is usually fewer
  formatting issues.
• Go to
• http//ed.gdr.nrcan.gc.ca/GSC/ed-f-menu.cgi
• User name edonline
• Password edonline

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Accessing ASCII Data
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Accessing ASCII Data
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Accessing ASCII Data
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Accessing ASCII Data
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Accessing ASCII Data
U\LunchlessLearn
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Removing all Special Characters

• Step 2 - Verify Format in Text Editor
• First row in data must be attribute names
• Must be no special characters in the attribute
  name (only letters, numbers and underscores)
• X Spaces
• X Slash/backslash
• X Quotes
• Attribute name must not begin with a number

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Removing all Special Characters

• Open file just created in Wordpad
• Remove parts not related to the data (HTML tags)
• Remove spaces and slashes in attribute names
• Save File with same name

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Removing all Special Characters
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Removing Special Characters
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Adding Data To ArcMap

• Step 3 Bringing data into ArcMap
• Open ArcMap
• Start All Programs ArcGIS ArcMap
• Add XY data to ArcMap
• Tools dropdown Add XY Data

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Adding Data to ArcMap
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Adding Data to ArcMap
Geographic Coordinate System - World
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Adding Data to ArcMap
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Save Data to Shape File

• Step 4 Save Data to Shape File
• Data is only temporarily displayed. It needs
  to be saved in Arc Format
• In Table of Contents right click on .csv file
  name Data Export Data Save the file
  samples.shp in U/LunchlessLearn
• Add Data to Map
• Answer Yes to Popup Box
• Remove .csv Event Layer from Map
• Right click on Event Layer in Table of Contents -
  Remove

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Save Data to a Shape File
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Save Data to a Shape File
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Add Coastline Data

• To get some context to where these points are
  located it would be useful to load the coastline
  data to the map.
• Find coast data online
• http//www.geogratis.ca/

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Add Coastline Data

• Step 1 Get Coastline Data
• Choose Language of choice
• On Side Menu
• choose Download Directory
• Browse to
• Vector National Data Framework Data Atlas of
  Canada 1,000,000 National Frameworks Data,
  Administrative Boundaries - http
  1M_BOUNDARY_2008.arc.shp.zip
• Save File
• U\LunchlessLearn

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Change Screen Grabs
http//www.geogratis.ca/
U\LunchlessLearn
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Add Coastline Data

• Step 2 Bring data into ArcMap
• Unzip file into u\LunchlessLearn
• Add data to ArcMap
• Click the Add Data button Select File
  bndlam_arc.shp
• Zoom out to see Bay of Fundy area
• Click the Zoom Out button

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Add Coastline Data
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Getting Raster Data

• Bathymetry is the depth of water in a
  particular area. Usually represented as either
  contours or as a grid
• Access data from
• http//www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/2minrelief.html

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Getting Raster Data

• Step 1 Get Raster Data
• Access the 2 minute gridded elevation data
• Choose Go to Etopo2v2
• Choose Create Custom Grids
• Enter required Grid information
• Your Grid ID (name)
• Grid Data base ETOPO2 2-minute global relief
  Ver2
• Extents North 47N, South 40N, West 68W, East 58W
• Output Grid Format ASCII Raster Format
• Output Grid Header ASCII (Arc) Header
• Submit Request
• Click Submit button

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Getting Raster Data
Enter ID - name
ETOPO2
47 N
68 W
58 W
40 N
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Getting Raster Data

• Get a copy of data
• Choose Compress and Retrieve your grid
• Press Retrieve button
• Save file to U\LunchlessLearn

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Getting Raster Data
U\LunchlessLearn
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Bringing in Raster Data

• Step 2 Prepare Data to Bring into ArcMap
• Unzip data to
• U\LunchlessLearn
• Open ArcToolbox
• Click Toolbox button
• Open ASCII to Raster Converter
• In Toolbox Conversion Tools To Raster
  double click ASCII to Raster
• Populate Fields
• Use dropdown to change to Files of Type to
  Files(.ASC)
• Input ASCII Raster File U\LunchlessLearn\key_data
  \key\key.asc
• Accept Output and Data Type

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Bringing in Raster Data
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Bringing in Raster Data
U\LunchlessLearn\key_data\key\key.asc
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Bringing in Raster Data
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Saving ArcMap Documents

• Saving a ArcMap Document or Project (.mxd)
• Saves location of Data / Layers
• Saves how data looks (Symbols)
• Saves view area
• Location of data can be either Absolute path or
  Relative path

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Saving ArcMap Document

• Change Path to Relative
• File Document Properties Data Source Options
  button Store Relative Path Names OK button to
  exit Options OK button to exit Map Properties
• Save File
• Save to a directory usually at or above
• files that are located in the project
• U\LunchLearn\lunchless.mxd

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Saving ArcMap Document Relative Path
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Saving ArcMap Document
U\LunchlessLearn\lunchless.mxd
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A few more tips
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You can collect your own data

• GPS data collection
• Online
• Tabular data
• Combination

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Tips for Importing XY data

• Need 2 columns of coordinates
• X Y northing easting, lat long
• Keep or add additional fields
• Format the field names
• No spaces
• No longer than 10 characters
• CSV or DBF format

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The application of GIS is limited only by the
imagination of those who use it.

• Jack Dangermond
• President, ESRI

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Credits

• This demonstration was created in part using
  course materials from ESRIs Virtual Campus.
• If you are interested in taking more Virtual
  Campus courses, please contact the GIS Centre.
• Garmin International Inc. www.garmin.com
• Elements of Cartography Robinson et al
• ESRI www.esri.com

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GIS Centre

• Located on the second floor
• of the Killam Library
• Jennifer Strang
• Jennifer.Strang_at_dal.ca
• 494-1386
• Raymond Jahncke
• Raymond.Jahncke_at_dal.ca
• 494-6719