Modeling and Animation

1
Modeling and Animation

• Lecture 3

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Creating a Skeleton

• Maximize Front View.
• Click on Create , Systems and Bones.
• Turn off Create End Effector.
• Turn on Assign to Root.
• Click left and drag four times, and click right
  to finish.
• Make the knee slightly bent.
• Name Bone01 Bone04 Hip, Thigh, Shin and
  Foot.

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Hip
Thigh
Shin
Foot
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Create End Effectors

• Select the Foot bone and go to the Motion tab
  in the Command Panel.
• In the End Effectors section, press Create.
• Select the Shin bone and go to the Motion tab
  in the Command Panel.
• In the End Effectors section, press Create.

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Creating a Dummy for Manipulating the End
Effectors

• Click on Create and Helpers and Dummy and
  draw a dummy object near the foot.
• Use the Non-Uniform Scale option on the Main
  Toolbar to lengthen the dummy to match the foot.
• Move the dummy to a position enclosing the foot.
• Name the dummy End Effectors Dummy.

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Linking a Dummy to the End Effectors

• Select the Foot bone. Go to the Motion tab on the
  Command Panel.
• Press the Link button under End Effector
  Parent. Then click left on the End Effector
  Dummy. Do the same thing for the Shin bone.
• This is a special type of parenting, not the same
  as you get from using Schematic View to do
  parenting.
• Now when you translate and rotate the End
  Effector Dummy you will be simultaneously moving
  both the Foot and Shin end effectors.

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Setting the Joint Limits

• Select the Shin bone.
• Select Hierarchy and IK on the Command Panel.
• Notice that the Y axis is Active in the
  rotational joints section.
• The Shin joint can only rotate around its X axis.
  
• Check Limited and set the joint limits to -25
  25.
• Notice the little lock icon near the Shin joint.

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Setting the Solution Range

• Click on the Time Configuration button (lower
  left of Maxs window) and set the active time
  segment to 0200.
• Select the Shin bone and go to the Motion tab
  in the Command Panel.
• Set the solution range to match the active time
  segment 0200.

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Human Skeleton
System 3
Pelvis (Root)
System 1
System 2
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Skin Modifier

• Use Create and Geometry on the Command Panel
  to create a vertically oriented cylinder at the
  World Space origin.
• Set height to 100, radius to 20 and height
  segments to 20.
• Click on Create , Systems and Bones.
• Turn on Assign to Root.
• Click left and drag two times, and click right to
  finish, drawing a thigh and shin as you do so.
• Use Select and Move on the main toolbar to move
  the bones to pass through the center of the
  cylinder.

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Linking Skin and Bones

• Select the cylinder and use Modify and More
  on the Command Panel to give the cylinder a Skin
  modifier.
• Click on Add Bone and select Bone02.
• Click on Add Bone and select Bone03.
• Use Select and Move to move end effector (blue
  cross).
• Notice how the cylinder changes shape.

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Adjusting the Influence Envelopes

• Press the Subobject button and notice that the
  envelope of one bone appears.
• Select either one of the bone envelopes by
  clicking on its name in the Parameters section
  of the Command Panel.
• Drag a box around one of the diamonds defining
  the envelop to select the diamond.
• Move the diamond around and see how changes in
  the envelope lead to a change in geometry.

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Free Form Deformation

• Activate and maximize the Perspective viewport.
• Click right on Perspective and select
  Wireframe.
• Click on Create and Geometry on the Command
  Panel and create a sphere at the World Space
  origin.
• Click on Modify and More on the Command Panel
  and select FFD(box).
• Use the Set number of points button to select 5
  points along the width.
• Press Subobject and All Z and click left on
  one of the vertices along the front face of the
  grid.
• Use Select and Move on the Main Toolbar to drag
  out a column of grid vertices away from the
  sphere.

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Morphing

• Use Create and Geometry on the Command Panel
  to create a sphere in the Top viewport.
• Use Edit and Clone on the Main Menu to make a
  copy.
• Use Select and Move to move the copy to the
  right. Name it Up Target.
• Likewise, make one more copy further to the
  right, and name it Down Target.
• Go to and maximize the Front viewport.

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Applying a Morpher Modifier

• Select the original (Sphere01) and use Modify
  and More on the Command Panel to apply a
  Morpher modifier.
• Scroll down the parameters rollout and press the
  Channel 1 button, currently empty.
• Press Pick Object from Scene under Channel
  Parameters and select the Up Target to assign it
  toe Channel 1.
• Likewise, assign the Down Target to Channel 2.

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Editing the Morph Targets

• Select the Up Target and press Subobject on
  the Command Panel.
• Use Select and Move on the Main Toolbar to move
  a group of vertices upward. Unpress Subobject
  on the Command Panel.
• Select the Down Target and press Subobject on
  the Command Panel.
• Use Select and Move on the Main Toolbar to move
  a group of vertices downward. Unpress Subobject
  on the Command Panel.

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Applying and Animating the Morph Targets

• Select Sphere01 and press Reload All Morph
  Targets on the Command Panel.
• Vary the spinners on Channels 1 and 2 and observe
  the effect on Sphere01. Reset the spinners to
  zero.
• Turn on the Animate button Move the time slider
  to 50 and increase the Channel 1 spinner to 50.
• Move the time slider to 100 and increase the
  Channel 2 spinner to 100.
• Play the animation and notice that the sphere
  morphs up over 50 frames and morphs down over 100
  frames.
• Open Track View and examine the channel tracks.

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The morph target channel values show up as tracks
in Track View.
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Space Warps

• Click on Space Warps on the Main Menu and
  select FFD(box).
• Drag out a 4x4x4 grid in the Perspective
  viewport.
• Press Set number of points on the Command Panel
  and change to a 4x5x4 grid.
• Press Subobject and All Z on the Command
  Panel.
• Use Select and Move on the Main Toolbar to drag
  out two columns of grid vertices away from the
  rest.

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Moving an Object Through a Space Warp

• Use Create and Geometry on the Command Panel
  to create a sphere in the Top viewport, off to
  the left of the FFD grid.
• Press Bind to Space Warp on the Main Toolbar
  and click left on the sphere, drawing a dotted
  line over to the FFD grid.
• Use Select and Move on the Main Toolbar to move
  the sphere through the FFD grid.
• Notice how the grid distorts the sphere as the
  sphere moves through the grid.

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Lights

• Directional Generates a family of light rays
  that are all parallel to each other. (Sunlight).
• Omni Generates a family of light rays radiating
  out in all directions from a single point. (Bare
  Light Bulb).
• Spot An Omni light whose distribution is limited
  to a cone. (Light Bulb with Shade).
• Note Directional and Spot lights have free and
  target versions.
• Note By default, lights have no attenuation, but
  attenuation parameters may be adjusted.

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Shadows

• Ray Traced Shadows
• Generated by ray tracing.
• Geometrically accurate.
• Sharp.
• Time consuming.
• Shadow Maps
• Generated by a projection operation.
• Varying levels of resolution.
• Not geometrically accurate.
• Soft.
• Fast.

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Cameras

• Free Camera
• A single object represents the camera.
• The camera object can be translated and rotated.
• Target Camera
• Two separate objects Camera and Target.
• The camera and target objects can be translated
  but not rotated.

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Make the target a child of the moving face
object. As the face moves, the target will
automatically track the face.
Target
Camera
Target
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Motion Blur

• Temporal Antialiasing Makes fast moving objects
  or quickly changing scenes appear to move or
  change smoothly.
• Object Motion Blur
• Works at the object level and is not affected by
  camera movement.
• Makes multiple copies of the object in between
  frames and then rendering them together.
• Image Motion Blur
• Smudges the object by creating a smearing effect
  rather than multiple images. It considers camera
  movement.
• Image motion blur is applied after scanline
  rendering is complete.