ASHUMA 1300 9'0A Final Examination

1
AS/HUMA 1300 9.0AFinal Examination

• DATE Thursday, April 26, 2007
• TIME 900 1200 am
• PLACE Tate McKenzie Student Fieldhouse W

2
Examination Rules and Procedures

• Arrive at the exam hall 15 minutes prior to the
  beginning of the exam.
• If you arrive later than 30 minutes after the
  start of the exam, university rules prevent you
  from being admitted to the exam hall.
• Youll need 2 pieces of ID a sessional
  identification card and a photo ID place these
  on your desk.
• Turn off cell phones and pagers during the exam
  do NOT place cell phones on your desk.
• Remember that cheating is a breach of academic
  honesty and is severely punished under the
  regulations of Senate.

3
Examination Structure (Sections 1 2)

• Section One
• Define and explain the significance of FIVE of
  the
• following concepts and/or terms within the
  context of
• this course. (Value 30)
• Section Two
• Choose TWO of the following selections from
  course
• readings. Identify the author and title of the
  work from
• which each is taken, and explain the significance
  of
• each passage as it relates to the course as a
  whole.
• (Value 20)

4
Examination Structure (Section 3A B)

• Section Three A and B
• Answer TWO of the following three essay
  questions. Section A is
• compulsory. Be sure to make specific reference to
  the material and
• themes discussed in this course. Material used to
  discuss your answer
• in Section Three A CANNOT be used to discuss your
  answer in section
• Three B.
• Section Three A
• This question is compulsory. All students are
  required to answer this
• question. Make detailed reference to at least one
  source used in the first
• term and one source used in the second term in
  this course. (25)
• Section Three B
• Answer ONE of the following two essay questions
  making detailed
• reference to course material and discussions.
  Material used to discuss
• your answer in Section Three A cannot be used to
  discuss your answer
• in this section. (25)

5
Manning Marable

• Race is first and foremost an unequal
• Relationship between social aggregates,
• characterized by dominant and subordinate
• forms of social interaction, and reinforced by
• the intricate patterns of public discourse,
• power, ownership and privilege within the
• economic, social and political institutions
• of society (Beyond Black and White186).

6
Stuart Hall

• Identity is the narrative, the stories
• which cultures tell themselves about
• who they are and where they came
• from (Negotiating Caribbean
• Identity).

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Stuart Hall

• identity is not only a story, a narrative which
  we tell
• ourselves about ourselves, it is stories which
  change
• with historical circumstances. And identity
  shifts with
• the way in which we think and hear them and
• experience them. Far from only coming from the
  still
• small point of truth inside us, identities
  actually come
• from outside, they are the way in which we are
• recognized and then come to step into the place
  of the
• recognitions which others give us. Without the
  others
• there is no self, there is no self-recognition
• Negotiating Caribbean Identity 8).

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Frantz Fanon

• . . . The white man . . . had woven me out of a
• thousand details, anecdotes, stories. I thought
• that what I had in hand was to construct a
• Physiological self, to balance space, to
• localize sensations, and here I was called on
• for more.
• Look, a Negro!(Black Skin 111)
• And so it is not I who make a meaning for
• myself, but it is the meaning that was already
• there, pre-existing, waiting for me (Black Skin
• 134).

9
Definition of Diaspora

• Greek verb to disperse dia (through) and
  speirein (sow/scatter)
• The migration of a community through forced or
  self-willed exile and the efforts of that
  community to recreate home in new geographic
  spaces
• Diaspora implies exile or bondage and the promise
  of return

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Definition of Diaspora

• Galut
• - exile or bondage
• Golah
• - a relatively stable
• community in exile

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Stuart Hall

• The paradox is that it was it was the
• uprooting of slavery and transportation and
• the insertion into the plantation economy (as
• well as the symbolic economy) of the Western
• world that unified these peoples across their
• differences, in the same moment as it cut
• them off from direct access to their past
• (Cultural Identity and Diaspora 227).

12
W.E.B Du Bois

• One ever feels his two-ness,--an
• American, a Negro two souls, two
• thoughts, two unreconciled strivings two
• warring ideals in one dark body, whose
• dogged strength alone keeps it from
• being torn asunder (Souls of Black Folk
• 11).

13
Arnold Rampersad

• Another way of seeing these two souls
• surely is as a contest between memory
• and amnesia. American culture demands
• of its blacks amnesia concerning slavery
• and Africa, just as it encourages amnesia
• of a different kind in whites (Slavery
• and the Literary Imagination 307).

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Resistance

• In the Americas, slave resistance was the
• sum of all the tools and strategies used to
• openly challenge and defy the system of
• slavery, as well as the more subtle
• responses of survival that characterized
• the daily lives of slaves and helped keep
• their spirits alive.

15
Maroon Communities

• Maroon communities were made up
• primarily of escaped slaves and were
• organized attempts to establish
• free, autonomous black communities
• socially and politically independent
• of plantation slave society.

16
Underground Railroad

• The underground railroad was a
• loosely organized network of aid and
• assistance to fugitive slaves.
• Between 1815-1860, approximately
• 80,000 slaves escaped via the UGR
• and about 50,000 came to Canada.

17
Abolition of Slavery

• 1793 Canada passed bill to prevent further
• importation of slaves first British territory
  
• to enact anti-slavery legislation
• 1807 Abolition of slave trade in British
  Caribbean
• 1834 British colonies abolished slavery but
  introduced period of Apprenticeship which
  lasted until 1838
• 1865 Abolition of slavery in the US South
• 1886 Cuba was the last to end slavery.

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5 Functions of Slave Narratives

• 1. To document the conditions of or truth
• about slavery
• 2. To encourage the abolition of slavery
• 3. To provide religious inspiration
• 4. To assert the narrators personhood and
• 5. To challenge stereotypes about blacks.

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8 Characteristics of Slave Narratives

• 1. A preface as authenticating material/testimony
• 2. First sentence begins I was born . . .
• 3. Details of the first observed whipping
• 4. An account of a hardworking slave who refuses
  to
• be whipped
• 5. Details of the quest for literacy
• 6. Account of a slave auction
• 7. Description of attempts to escape
• 8. Appendix of documentary material

20
Frederick Douglass

• It was a new and special revelation, explaining
  dark
• and mysterious things, with which my youthful
• understanding had struggled in vain. I now
  understood
• what had been to me a most perplexing
  difficultyto
• wit, the white mans power to enslave the black
  man.
• It was a grand achievement, and I prized it
  highly.
• From that moment, I understood the pathway from
• slavery to freedom (Classic Slave Narratives
  364).

21
Development of African American Political Thought

• First Tradition Frederick Douglass
• - militant approach that lobbied for
• full citizenship
• Second Tradition Alexander Crummell
• - segregated community development
• and self-help.

22
Booker T. Washington

• Thrift, industry and Christian morality would
  earn blacks their rights in US society
• Blacks should transform themselves into a
  productive workforce and begin to accumulate
  capital
• Future of blacks tied to the south.

23
W.E.B. Du Bois

• The history of the American Negro is the
  history of this
• longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to
  merge his
• double self into a better and truer self. In this
  merging he
• wishes neither of the older selves to be lost. He
  would not
• Africanize America, for America has too much to
  teach the
• world and Africa. He would not bleach his Negro
  soul in a
• flood of white Americanism, for he knows that
  Negro blood
• has a message for the world. He simply wishes to
  make it
• possible for a man to be both a Negro and an
  American,
• without having the doors of Opportunity closed
  roughly in
• his face. (Souls of Black Folk 215)

24
Marcus Garvey

• UNIA was the most influential black movement of
  the 20th century
• Promoted a philosophy of black pride, self-worth
  and self-reliance
• Fought for the decolonisation of Africa
• Encouraged global cooperation among Africans.

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Protest as a Historical Continuum The House
that Race Built

• Progressive Narrative Tragic Redemptive
  Narrative
• DU BOIS GARVEY
• MARTIN LUTHER KING MALCOM X
• JR.
• BLACK PANTHERS
• SOUTH NORTH

26
Mama Day

• Challenges the Columbus myth of discovery
• Reconstructs the black family
• Rejects the American Dream
• Offers a female-centered spirituality

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Gloria Naylors Mama Day

• (Re)Construction of the Black Family
• disruption/fragmentation of slavery
• single motherhood and absent fatherhood
• crime, delinquency and educational disengagement.

28
G.K. Lewis

• Independence goes far beyond questions
• of a national flag, a national anthem and a
• national emblem and becomes a question of
• psychological survival. West Indians, as
• persons, this is to say, have to emancipate
• themselves in their innermost selves from the
• English psycho-complex (Challenge to
• Independence (513).

29
The Dragon Cant Dance

• He didnt officially join the PNM. He was
  suddenly shy
• and awkward before its compelling promise, before
  
• the important people running around with long
  words
• on the tip of their tonguesThe elections came,
  the
• PNM wonHe couldnt understand what they had
• won. Maybe Yvonne might be able to explain to
  him.
• She went to high school, she knew things. But
  white
• people were still in the banks and in the
  businesses
• along Frederick Street. The radio still spoke
  with a
• British voice. He couldnt understand (80).

30
Breath, Eyes, Memory

• Mother/Daughter Relationship
• Black Female Sexuality as Trauma
• Male/Female Relationships
• Caribbean Migration and Diaspora
• Construction of Haiti in the Americas

31
Loyalists, Maroons and Fugitives

• 1783 3000 black Loyalists entered British North
  America
• 1796 550 Maroons are relocated from
• Jamaica
• War of 1812 4000 blacks voluntarily
• relocate from the United States

32
Canadas Three Forces

• First Force aboriginal peoples including status
  Indians, non-status Indians, Métis and Inuit
• Second Force the Charter groups, both the
  French- and English-speaking communities
  constitute this force
• Third Force those racial and ethnic minorities
  who fall outside the Charter groups

33
Defining Multiculturalism

• 1. Descriptively (as a sociological fact)
• 2. Prescriptively (as ideology)
• 3. Politically (as policy) and
• 4. Socially as a set of inter-group
• dynamics (as process).

34
Critiquing Multiculturalism

• Contemporary racism in Canada can hide behind a
  veneer of multiculturalism that is both culture
  blind and race neutral
• Mono-multiculturalismall cultures are not equal
• Depoliticized pretend pluralismintegration
  remains its highest priority.

35
Dragon Cant Dance

• I wish I did walk with a flute or a sitar, and
  walk right
• there in the middle of the steelband yard where
  they
• was making new drums, new sounds, a new music
• and sit down with my sitar on my knee and say
• Fellars, this is me, Pariag from New Lands. Gimme
  
• the key! Give me the Do Re MiAnd let his music
  cry
• too, and join in the crying. Let it scream tooWe
  
• didnt have to melt into one. I woulda be me for
  my
• own self. A beginning. A self to go in the world
  with,
• with something in my hands to give. We didnt
  have to
• melt into one. They woulda see me (224).