Industrial Trades Basics

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Industrial Trades Basics

• August 31, 2009

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Hazardous Communication Standard

• Hazardous Communication Standard (HazCom), a.k.a.
  Right to Know requirement requires all
  contractors to educate their employees about the
  hazardous chemicals they may be exposed to on the
  job site.
• The term hazardous applies to paint, concrete,
  wood dust, and many other substances.

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Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

• These must be with every shipment of hazardous
  substance and must be available to workers on the
  job site.
• They tell you how to manage, use, and dispose of
  hazardous materials safely.

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MSDS
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MSDS

• Information on an MSDS includes
• The identity of the substance
• Exposure limits
• Physical and chemical characteristics of the
  substance
• The kind of hazard the substance presents
• Precautions for safe handling and use

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MSDS

• Information on an MSDS includes
• The reactivity of the substance
• Specific control measures
• Emergency first-aid procedures
• Manufacturer contact for more information

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Your Responsibilities Under HazCom

• Know where MSDSs are on your job site.
• Report any hazards you spot on the job site to
  your supervisor.
• Know the physical and health hazards of any
  hazardous materials on your job site, and know
  and practice the precautions needed to protect
  yourself from these hazards.

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Your Responsibilities Under HazCom

• Know what to do in an emergency.
• Know the location and content of your employers
  written hazard communication program

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Fire Safety
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Fire Safety

• Fire is a concern on construction sites
• Welding, grinding, and several other construction
  activities create heat or sparks that can cause a
  fire.
• Fire safety involves two elements fire
  prevention and fire fighting.

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How Fires Start

• Fires need three things
• Fuel
• Heat
• Oxygen
• These three things are called the fire triangle.
• If one of those three things is missing, a fire
  will not start or continue.

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Fire Triangle
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Fire Safety

• Fuel is anything that will combine with oxygen
  and heat to burn.
• When pure oxygen is present, such as near a
  leaking oxygen hose or fitting, material that
  would not normally be considered fuel will burn.

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Trade Term

• Flash point the temperature at which a fuel
  gives off enough gases, or vapors, to burn
  (momentarily).

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Fire Safety

• When burning gases raise the temperature of a
  fuel to the point at which it ignites, the fuel
  itself will sustain combustion on its own.
• If one part of the fire triangle is missing, the
  fire will go out.

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Fire Prevention

• The best fire safety is prevention.
• Basic fire safety guidelines
• Always work in a well-ventilated area, especially
  when you are using flammable materials such as
  shellac, lacquer, paint stripper, or construction
  adhesives
• Never smoke or light matches when you are working
  with or near flammable materials

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Fire Prevention

• Basic fire safety guidelines
• Keep oily rags in approved, self-closing metal
  containers.
• Store combustible materials only in approved
  containers.

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Flammable Combustible Liquids

• Liquids can be flammable or combustible.
• Flammable liquids have a flash point below 100
  degrees Fahrenheit.
• Combustible liquids have a flash point at or
  above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

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Fire Prevention

• Fire can be prevented by doing the following
• Removing the fuel
• Removing the heat
• Removing the oxygen

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Flammable Combustible Liquids

• Removing the Fuel
• Liquid does not burn. What burns are the
  gases (vapors) given off as the liquid
  evaporates. Keeping liquids in an approved,
  sealed container prevents evaporation. If there
  is no evaporation, there is no fuel to burn.

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Flammable Combustible Liquids

• Removing the Heat
• If the liquid is stored or used away from a
  heat source, it will not be able to ignite.
• Removing the Oxygen
• The vapor from a liquid will not burn if
  oxygen is not present. Keeping safety containers
  tightly sealed prevents oxygen from coming into
  contact with the fuel.

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Flammable Gases

• Flammable Gases include acetylene, hydrogen,
  ethane, and propane.
• To save space, these gases are compressed so that
  a larger amount is stored in a small cylinder or
  bottle.
• As long as the gas is kept in the cylinder,
  oxygen cannot get to it and start a fire.
• If oxygen mixes with a flammable gas, the
  resulting mixture can explode if ignited.

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Ordinary Combustibles

• Ordinary Combustibles refers to paper, wood,
  cloth, and similar fuels.
• The easiest way to prevent fire with ordinary
  combustibles is to keep a neat, clean work area.

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Firefighting

• At some point you may have to deal with fire
  to protect yourself and others.
• Know the locations of firefighting equipment on
  your job site.
• Know which firefighting equipment to use on
  different types of fires.

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Firefighting

• Know how to report fires.
• Know your companys fire safety procedures.
• Know how to use a fire extinguisher
• Make sure fire extinguishers are fully charged.
• Make sure fire extinguishers are up-to-date on
  their inspection and servicing.

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Classes of Fires

• There are four classes of fuels that can be
• involved in fires.
• Ordinary Combustibles
• Flammable Liquids
• Electrical Equipment
• Metals
• Each class of fuel requires a different method of
• firefighting and a different type of extinguisher.

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Classes of Fires

• Class A ?

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Classes of Fires

• Class A Ordinary Combustibles

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Classes of Fires

• Class A Ordinary Combustibles
• These fires involve ordinary combustibles
  such as wood or paper. Class A fires are fought
  by cooling the fuel. Class A fire extinguishers
  contain water. Using a Class A extinguisher on
  any other type of fire can be very dangerous.

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Classes of Fires

• Class A Ordinary Combustibles
• Class B ?

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Classes of Fires

• Class A Ordinary Combustibles
• Class B Flammable Liquids

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Classes of Fires

• Class B Flammable Liquids
• These fires involve grease, liquids, or
  gases. Class B extinguishers contain carbon
  dioxide (CO2) or another material that smothers
  fires by removing oxygen from the fire.

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Classes of Fires

• Class A Ordinary Combustibles
• Class B Flammable Liquids
• Class C ?

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Classes of Fires

• Class A Ordinary Combustibles
• Class B Flammable Liquids
• Class C Electrical Equipment

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Classes of Fires

• Class C Electrical Equipment
• These fires are near or involve energized
  electrical equipment. Class C extinguishers are
  designed to protect the firefighter from
  electrical shock. Class C extinguishers smother
  fires.

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Electrical Fire
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Classes of Fires

• Class A Ordinary Combustibles
• Class B Flammable Liquids
• Class C Electrical Equipment
• Class D ?

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Classes of Fires

• Class A Ordinary Combustibles
• Class B Flammable Liquids
• Class C Electrical Equipment
• Class D Combustible Metals

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Classes of Fires

• Class D Combustible Metals
• These fires involved metals. Class D
  extinguishers
• contain a powder that either forms a crust around
• the burning metal or gives off gases that prevent
• oxygen from reaching the fire. Some metals will
  keep
• burning even though they have been coated with
  powder
• from a Class D extinguisher. The best way to
  fight these
• fires is to keep using the extinguisher so the
  fire will not
• spread to other fuels.

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Classes of Fire and Extinguishers

• Extinguishers have a label indicating which class
  of fire on which it should be used.
• Many extinguishers are rated for multiple classes
  of fire.
• Only use the extinguisher for the fuel class it
  is rated for.
• Using the incorrect extinguisher for the fire
  class can make the fire worse.

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Video Clip

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Electrical Safety

• Electrical shocks or burns are a major cause
  of accidents in the construction industry.
  According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
  electrocution is the fourth leading cause of
  death among construction workers.

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Electrical Safety

• Electrical safety applies to the entire
  construction industry, not only to electricians.
• Even if you arent in direct contact with major
  electrical systems, you or the people you manage
  are still likely to be in contact with extension
  cords, power tools, portable lights, etc.

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Electrical Safety

• Electricity can be described as the flow of
  electrons through a conductor.
• This flow is called electrical current.
• Some materials conduct electricity much better
  than others (such as silver, copper, steel, and
  aluminum).
• The human body, especially when wet, is a good
  conductor of electricity.

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Electrical Safety

• To create an electrical current, a path must be
  provided in a circular route, or a circuit.
• If the circuit is interrupted, the electrical
  current will complete its circular route by
  flowing along the path of least resistance.
• In the process, electricity will flow into and
  through every conductor touching it.

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Electrical Safety

• If electricity cant complete its circuit, it
  will find the most direct and least resistant
  path to ground or the earth.
• If you touch the energized conductor and ground
  at the same time, you will become the path of
  least resistance.
• The damage done when this happens depends
  primarily on the amount of current flowing.

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Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)

• The GFCI is a fast-acting circuit breaker that
  senses small imbalances in the circuit caused by
  current leakage to ground.
• GFCIs can interrupt the power in as little as
  1/40th of a second.

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GFCI Receptacle
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Electrical Accidents

• Electrical accidents can result in
• Burns
• Electrical shock
• Explosions
• Falls caused by electrical shock
• Fires
• Etc.

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Basic Electrical Safety Guidelines

• OSHA has many regulations regarding electricity.
• Your company should also have policies and
  regulations regarding electrical safety.

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Electrical Safety

• Basic job-site electrical safety guidelines
• Use three-wire extension cords and protect them
  from damage. Never fasten them with staples,
  hang them from nails, or suspend them from wires.
  Never use damaged cords.
• Make sure that panels, switches, outlets, and
  plugs are grounded.
• Never use bare electrical wire.

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Electrical Safety

• Basic job-site electrical safety guidelines
• Always inspect electrical power tools before you
  use them.
• Never operate any piece of electrical equipment
  that has a danger tag or lockout device attached
  to it.

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Lockout/Tagout
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Electrical Safety

• Basic job-site electrical safety guidelines
• Use three-wire cords for portable power tools and
  make sure they are properly connected. The
  three-wire system is one of the most common
  safety grounding systems used to protect you from
  accidental electrical shock. The third wire is
  connected to a ground. If the insulation in a
  tool fails, the current will pass to ground
  through the third wirenot through your body.

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Electrical Safety

• Basic job-site electrical safety guidelines
• Never use worn or frayed cables.
• Make sure all light bulbs have protective guards
  to prevent accidental contact
• Do not hang temporary lights by their power cords
  unless they are specifically designed for this
  use.

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Electrical Safety

• Basic job-site electrical safety guidelines
• Use only approved concealed receptacles for
  plugs. If different voltages or types of current
  are used in the same area, the receptacles should
  be designed so that the plugs are not
  interchangeable.
• Any repairs to cords must be performed by a
  qualified person.

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Electrical Safety

• Basic job-site electrical safety guidelines
• Use a GFCI or an assured grounding program with
  every tool.
• Always make sure all tools are grounded before
  use.

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Working Near Energized Electrical Equipment

• Electrical components are often exposed on a job
  site until the project is completed.
• This is an example of proximity work.
• These components are sometimes energized.
• Regulations and company policies tell you the
  minimum safe working distance from these
  conductors.
• The higher the voltage, the greater the safe
  working distance.

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Trade Term

• Electrical Distribution Panel
• Part of the electrical distribution system
  that brings electricity from the street source
  (power poles and transmission lines) through the
  service lines to the electrical meter mounted on
  the side of the building and the panel inside the
  building. The panel houses the circuits that
  distribute electricity throughout the structure.

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Trade Term

• Switch Enclosure
• A box that houses electrical switches used to
  regulate and distribute electricity in a building.

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If Somebody is Shocked

• Immediately disconnect the circuit.
• If you cannot disconnect the circuit, do not try
  to separate the victim from the circuit. If you
  touch the person who is being electrocuted, the
  current will flow through you, too.
• Once the circuit is disconnected, give first aid
  and call an ambulance. If you cannot disconnect
  the circuit, call an ambulance.

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Homework Classrooms

• Read pages 3.1 3.10 in CC text for Fridays
  class
• Tomorrow (Thursday) classrooms are as follows
• Session 1 is in room 8206
• Session 2 is in room 8113 (downstairs)