Topic 4 Formation of contract

1
Topic 4Formation of contract

• 2005 Inga Martinkute, inga_at_smaliukas.lt

2
Formation

• Offer
• Acceptance

• Form
• Pre-contractual obligations
• Capacity of parties

3
Sources

• CC 6.162 6.186
• CISG PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT Art 14 - 24

• UNIDROIT CHAPTER 2 FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF
  AGENTS SECTION 1 FORMATION Art 2.1.1 2.1.21
• Principles of European Contract law CHAPTER 2
  FORMATION Art 2 101 2211

4
Contract
Goods, price
ok
5
What if?

• Offeror changes his mind?
• Lapses time to accept the offer?
• Is a display of goods an offer?
• Is silence an acceptance?
• Acceptance modifies the offer?

6
Offer - CC

• 6.167 straipsnis. Oferta
• 1. Pasiulymas sudaryti sutarti laikomas oferta,
  jeigu jis pakankamai apibudintas ir ireikia
  oferento ketinima buti sutarties saistomam ir
  isipareigojanciam akcepto atveju.
• 2. Oferta gali buti adresuota konkreciam asmeniui
  arba nenustatytam asmenu skaiciui (vieoji
  oferta).

7
Offer - CISG

• Article 14
• (1) A proposal for concluding a contract
  addressed to one or more specific persons
  constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently
  definite and indicates the intention of the
  offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. A
  proposal is sufficiently definite if it indicates
  the goods and expressly or implicitly fixes or
  makes provision for determining the quantity and
  the price. (2) A proposal other than one
  addressed to one or more specific persons is to
  be considered merely as an invitation to make
  offers, unless the contrary is clearly indicated
  by the person making the proposal.

8
Offer - UNIDROIT

• ARTICLE 2.1.2
• (Definition of offer)
• A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes
  an offer if it is sufficiently definite
• and indicates the intention of the offeror to be
  bound in case of acceptance.

9
Offer European principles

• Article 2201 Offer
• (1) A proposal amounts to an offer if
• (a) it is intended to result in a contract if the
  other party accepts it, and
• (b) it contains sufficiently definite terms to
  form a contract.
• (2) An offer may be made to one or more specific
  persons or to the public.
• (3) A proposal to supply goods or services at
  stated prices made by a professional supplier in
  a public advertisement or a catalogue, or by a
  display of goods, is presumed to be an offer to
  sell or supply at that price until the stock of
  goods, or the supplier's capacity to supply the
  service, is exhausted.

10
Revocation of offer - CC

• 6.168 straipsnis. Ofertos galiojimas
• 1. Oferta isigalioja, kai ja gauna akceptantas.
• 2. Oferta, net ir neataukiama, oferentas gali
  panaikinti, jeigu praneima apie jos panaikinima
  adresatas gauna anksciau negu oferta arba kartu
  su ja.
• 6.169 straipsnis. Ofertos ataukimas
• 1. Kol sutartis nesudaryta, oferta galima
  ataukti, jeigu praneima apie jos ataukima
  akceptantas gauna prie isiusdamas akcepta.
• 2. Taciau oferta negali buti ataukta, jeigu
• 1) ofertoje nurodant tam tikra termina jai
  akceptuoti ar kitokiu budu nustatyta, kad ji
  neataukiama
• 2) akceptantas turejo protinga pagrinda manyti,
  kad oferta yra neataukiama ir, remdamasis ja,
  atitinkamai veike.
• 6.170 straipsnis. Ofertos pabaiga
• Oferta netenka galios, kai atsisakyma ja
  akceptuoti gauna oferentas arba per nustatyta
  termina negauna atsakymo.

11
Revocation of offer - CISG

• Article 15
• (1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches
  the offeree. (2) An offer, even if it is
  irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal
  reaches the offeree before or at the same time as
  the offer.
• Article 16
• (1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be
  revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree
  before he has dispatched an acceptance. (2)
  However, an offer cannot be revoked
• (a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed
  time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is
  irrevocable or
• (b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely
  on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree
  has acted in reliance on the offer.
• Article 17
• An offer, even if it is irrevocable, is
  terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.

12
Revocation - UNIDROIT

• ARTICLE 2.1.3
• (Withdrawal of offer)
• (1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches
  the offeree.
• (2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be
  withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches
• the offeree before or at the same time as the
  offer.
• ARTICLE 2.1.4
• (Revocation of offer)
• (1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be
  revoked if the revocation reaches
• the offeree before it has dispatched an
  acceptance.
• (2) However, an offer cannot be revoked
• (a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed
  time for acceptance or otherwise, that
• it is irrevocable or
• (b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely
  on the offer as being irrevocable and
• the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.
• ARTICLE 2.1.5
• (Rejection of offer)
• An offer is terminated when a rejection reaches
  the offeror.

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Revocation - European

• Article 2202 Revocation of an Offer
• (1) An offer may be revoked if the revocation
  reaches the offeree before it has dispatched its
  acceptance or, in cases of acceptance by conduct,
  before the contract has been concluded under
  Article 2205(2) or (3).
• (2) An offer made to the public can be revoked by
  the same means as were used to make the offer.
• (3) However, a revocation of an offer is
  ineffective if
• (a) the offer indicates that it is irrevocable
  or
• (b) it states a fixed time for its acceptance or
• (c) it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on
  the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree
  has acted in reliance on the offer.
•  
• Article 2203 Rejection
• When a rejection of an offer reaches the offeror,
  the offer lapses..

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Acceptance - CC

• 6.173 straipsnis. Akceptas ir jo formos
• 1. Akceptanto pareikimas arba kitoks jo elgesys,
  kuriuo pareikiamas ofertos priemimas, laikomas
  akceptu. Tylejimas arba neveikimas savaime
  nelaikomas akceptu.
• 2. Akceptas sukelia teisines pasekmes nuo to
  momento, kai ji gauna oferentas.
• 3. Jeigu ofertoje numatyta galimybe ja akceptuoti
  nepraneant apie tai oferentui (tylejimu ar
  konkliudentiniais veiksmais) arba tokia ivada
  darytina atsivelgiant i egzistuojancius aliu
  santykius arba paprocius, tai akceptas sukelia
  teisines pasekmes nuo atitinkamu akceptanto valia
  reikianciu veiksmu atlikimo.

15
Acceptance - CISG

• Article 18
• (1) A statement made by or other conduct of the
  offeree indicating assent to an offer is an
  acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in
  itself amount to acceptance. (2) An acceptance of
  an offer becomes effective at the moment the
  indication of assent reaches the offeror. An
  acceptance is not effective if the indication of
  assent does not reach the offeror within the time
  he has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a
  reasonable time, due account being taken of the
  circumstances of the transaction, including the
  rapidity of the means of communication employed
  by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted
  immediately unless the circumstances indicate
  otherwise.
• (3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a
  result of practices which the parties have
  established between themselves or of usage, the
  offeree may indicate assent by performing an act,
  such as one relating to the dispatch of the goods
  or payment of the price, without notice to the
  offeror, the acceptance is effective at the
  moment the act is performed, provided that the
  act is performed within the period of time laid
  down in the preceding paragraph.
• Article 19
• (1) A reply to an offer which purports to be an
  acceptance but contains additions, limitations or
  other modifications is a rejection of the offer
  and constitutes a counter-offer. (2) However, a
  reply to an offer which purports to be an
  acceptance but contains additional or different
  terms which do not materially alter the terms of
  the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the
  offeror, without undue delay, objects orally to
  the discrepancy or dispatches a notice to that
  effect. If he does not so object, the terms of
  the contract are the terms of the offer with the
  modifications contained in the acceptance.
• (3) Additional or different terms relating, among
  other things, to the price, payment, quality and
  quantity of the goods, place and time of
  delivery, extent of one party's liability to the
  other or the settlement of disputes are
  considered to alter the terms of the offer
  materially.

16
Acceptance - UNIDROIT

• ARTICLE 2.1.6
• (Mode of acceptance)
• (1) A statement made by or other conduct of the
  offeree indicating assent to an offer is an
  acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in
  itself amount to acceptance.
• (2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective
  when the indication of assent reaches the
  offeror.
• (3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a
  result of practices which the parties have
  established between themselves or of usage, the
  offeree may indicate assent by performing an act
  without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is
  effective when the act is performed.

17
Acceptance - European

• Article 2204 Acceptance
• (1) Any form of statement or conduct by the
  offeree is an acceptance if it indicates assent
  to the offer.
• (2) Silence or inactivity does not in itself
  amount to acceptance.

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When the contract is concluded?

• CC
• 6.181 straipsnis. Sutarties sudarymo momentas
• 1. Sutartis laikoma sudaryta nuo to momento, kai
  oferentas gauna akcepta, jeigu sutartyje
  nenumatyta ko kita.
• CISG
• Article 23
• A contract is concluded at the moment when an
  acceptance of an offer becomes effective in
  accordance with the provisions of this
  Convention.
• UNIDROIT
• ARTICLE 2.1.6
• (Mode of acceptance)
• (2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective
  when the indication of assent reaches the
  offeror.
• European
• Article 2205 Time of Conclusion of the Contract
• (1) If an acceptance has been dispatched by the
  offeree the contract is concluded when the
  acceptance reaches the offeror.
• (2) In case of acceptance by conduct, the
  contract is concluded when notice of the conduct
  reaches the offeror.
• (3) If by virtue of the offer, of practices which
  the parties have established between themselves,
  or of a usage, the offeree may accept the offer
  by performing an act without notice to the
  offeror, the contract is concluded when the
  performance of the act begins.

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Time for acceptanceCC

• 6.174 straipsnis. Akceptavimo terminas
• 1. Oferta turi buti akceptuojama per oferento
  nurodyta termina, o kai jis nenurodytas, per
  protinga termina, atsivelgiant i konkrecias
  aplinkybes, tarp ju ir i aliu naudojamu ryio
  priemoniu galimybes.
• 2. odine oferta turi buti akceptuojama
  nedelsiant, jeigu atsivelgiant i konkrecias
  aplinkybes nedarytina kitokia ivada.
• 6.175 straipsnis. Akceptavimas per nustatyta
  termina
• 1. Oferento telegramoje ar laike nurodytas
  akceptavimo terminas pradedamas skaiciuoti nuo
  telegramos atidavimo isiusti arba nuo laike
  nurodytos datos, o kai i data nenurodyta, nuo
  ant voko esancios datos. Telekomunikaciju
  galiniais irenginiais oferento nurodytas
  akceptavimo terminas pradedamas skaiciuoti nuo to
  momento, kai oferta pasiekia adresata.
• 2. Valstybiniu venciu ar ne darbo dienos
  iskaiciuojamos i nustatyta akceptavimo termina.
  Taciau jeigu praneimo apie akcepta negalima
  iteikti oferentui del to, kad paskutine termino
  diena yra valstybine vente ar ne darbo diena,
  tai terminas baigiasi pirma po jos einancia darbo
  diena.
• 6.176 straipsnis. Paveluotas akceptas
• 1. Paveluotas akceptas galioja, jeigu oferentas
  nedelsdamas apie gavima pranea akceptantui arba
  nusiuncia jam atitinkama patvirtinima.
• 2. Kai i laiko ar kito raytinio praneimo,
  kuriuo atsiunciamas paveluotas akceptas, galima
  nustatyti, jog jis isiustas laiku, ir
  normaliomis aplinkybemis oferentas ji butu gaves
  laiku, tai paveluotas akceptas laikomas
  galiojanciu, jeigu oferentas nedelsdamas
  nepranea akceptantui, kad jo oferta neteko
  galios.

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Time for acceptanceCISG

• (1) A period of time for acceptance fixed by the
  offeror in a telegram or a letter begins to run
  from the moment the telegram is handed in for
  dispatch or from the date shown on the letter or,
  if no such date is shown, from the date shown on
  the envelope. A period of time for acceptance
  fixed by the offeror by telephone, telex or other
  means of instantaneous communication, begins to
  run from the moment that the offer reaches the
  offeree. (2) Official holidays or non-business
  days occurring during the period for acceptance
  are included in calculating the period. However,
  if a notice of acceptance cannot be delivered at
  the address of the offeror on the last day of the
  period because that day falls on an official
  holiday or a non-business day at the place of
  business of the offeror, the period is extended
  until the first business day which follows.
• Article 21
• (1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective
  as an acceptance if without delay the offeror
  orally so informs the offeree or dispatches a
  notice to that effect. (2) If a letter or other
  writing containing a late acceptance shows that
  it has been sent in such circumstances that if
  its transmission had been normal it would have
  reached the offeror in due time, the late
  acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless,
  without delay, the offeror orally informs the
  offeree that he considers his offer as having
  lapsed or dispatches a notice to that effect.

21
Time for acceptanceUNIDROIT

• ARTICLE 2.1.7
• (Time of acceptance)
• An offer must be accepted within the time the
  offeror has fixed or, if no time is
• fixed, within a reasonable time having regard to
  the circumstances, including the rapidity
• of the means of communication employed by the
  offeror. An oral offer must be accepted
• immediately unless the circumstances indicate
  otherwise.
• ARTICLE 2.1.8
• (Acceptance within a fixed period of time)
• A period of acceptance fixed by the offeror
  begins to run from the time that the offer
• is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is
  deemed to be the time of dispatch unless
• the circumstances indicate otherwise.
• ARTICLE 2.1.9
• (Late acceptance. Delay in transmission)
• (1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective
  as an acceptance if without undue
• delay the offeror so informs the offeree or gives
  notice to that effect.
• (2) If a communication containing a late
  acceptance shows that it has been sent in
• such circumstances that if its transmission had
  been normal it would have reached the
• offeror in due time, the late acceptance is
  effective as an acceptance unless, without
• undue delay, the offeror informs the offeree that
  it considers the offer as having lapsed.

22
Time for acceptanceEuropean

• Article 2206 Time Limit for Acceptance
• In order to be effective, acceptance of an offer
  must reach the offeror within the time fixed by
  it.
• (2) If no time has been fixed by the offeror
  acceptance must reach it within a reasonable
  time.
• (3) In the case of an acceptance by an act of
  performance under art. 2205 (3), that act must
  be performed within the time for acceptance fixed
  by the offeror or, if no such time is fixed,
  within a reasonable time.
•  
• Article 2207 Late Acceptance
• (1) A late acceptance is nonetheless effective as
  an acceptance if without delay the offeror
  informs the offeree that he treats it as such.
• (2) If a letter or other writing containing a
  late acceptance shows that it has been sent in
  such circumstances that if its transmission had
  been normal it would have reached the offeror in
  due time, the late acceptance is effective as an
  acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror
  informs the offeree that it considers its offer
  as having lapsed.
•  

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Modification of acceptance

• CC - 6.178 straipsnis. Akceptas su ilygomis
• 1. Atsakymas i oferta, kai jame yra papildymu,
  ilygu ar kitokiu ofertos salygu pakeitimu,
  laikomas ofertos atmetimu ir yra prieprieine
  oferta.
• 2. Atsakymas i oferta, kai jo tikslas
  akceptuoti, bet jame yra ofertos salygu esmes
  nekeicianciu papildomu ar skirtingu salygu,
  laikomas akceptu, jeigu oferentas, gaves
  atsakyma, nedelsdamas nepareikia prietaraujas
  tokiems papildymams ar pakeitimams. Jeigu
  oferentas to nepadaro, tai sutartis laikoma
  sudaryta pagal ofertos salygas su akcepte
  esanciais pakeitimais.
• CISG
• Article 19
• (1) A reply to an offer which purports to be an
  acceptance but contains additions, limitations or
  other modifications is a rejection of the offer
  and constitutes a counter-offer. (2) However, a
  reply to an offer which purports to be an
  acceptance but contains additional or different
  terms which do not materially alter the terms of
  the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the
  offeror, without undue delay, objects orally to
  the discrepancy or dispatches a notice to that
  effect. If he does not so object, the terms of
  the contract are the terms of the offer with the
  modifications contained in the acceptance.
• (3) Additional or different terms relating, among
  other things, to the price, payment, quality and
  quantity of the goods, place and time of
  delivery, extent of one party's liability to the
  other or the settlement of disputes are
  considered to alter the terms of the offer
  materially.
• UNIDROIT
• ARTICLE 2.1.11
• (Modified acceptance)
• (1) A reply to an offer which purports to be an
  acceptance but contains additions,
• limitations or other modifications is a rejection
  of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.
• (2) However, a reply to an offer which purports
  to be an acceptance but contains
• additional or different terms which do not
  materially alter the terms of the offer
• constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror,
  without undue delay, objects to the
• discrepancy. If the offeror does not object, the
  terms of the contract are the terms of the
• offer with the modifications contained in the
  acceptance.

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Revocation of acceptance

• CC
• 6.177 straipsnis. Akcepto ataukimas
• Akceptas netenka galios, jeigu praneima apie jo
  ataukima oferentas gauna anksciau arba tuo paciu
  momentu, kai akceptas isigalioja.
• CISG
• Article 22
• An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal
  reaches the offeror before or at the same time as
  the acceptance would have become effective.
• UNIDROIT
• ARTICLE 2.1.10
• (Withdrawal of acceptance)
• An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal
  reaches the offeror before or at
• the same time as the acceptance would have become
  effective.

25
Battle of forms

• CC
• 6.179 straipsnis. Standartiniu salygu kolizija
• Jeigu abi alys sudaro sutarti apsikeisdamos
  standartinemis sutarties salygomis, tai sutartis
  laikoma sudaryta pagal i esmes sutampancias
  standartines sutarties salygas, iskyrus atvejus,
  kai viena alis i anksto aikiai nurodo, jog ji
  nesutinka su kitos alies pasiulytomis
  standartinemis salygomis, arba apie toki
  nesutikima nedelsdama pranea tas salygas gavusi.
• 6.180 straipsnis. Raytinis patvirtinimas
• Kai alies raytiniame praneime, kuris pasiustas
  per protinga termina po sutarties sudarymo ir
  kuriuo patvirtinamas sutarties sudarymo faktas,
  yra nurodoma papildomu ar pakeistu salygu, ios
  salygos tampa sutarties dalimi, jeigu jos i
  esmes nekeicia sutarties salygu arba praneimo
  gavejas nedelsdamas nepareikia nesutinkas su
  tokiais papildymais ar pakeitimais.
• UNIDROIT
• ARTICLE 2.1.12
• (Writings in confirmation)
• If a writing which is sent within a reasonable
  time after the conclusion of the contract
• and which purports to be a confirmation of the
  contract contains additional or
• different terms, such terms become part of the
  contract, unless they materially alter the
• contract or the recipient, without undue delay,
  objects to the discrepancy.
• European
• Article 2209 Conflicting General Conditions
• (1) If the parties have reached agreement except
  that the offer and acceptance refer to
  conflicting general conditions of contract, a
  contract is nonetheless formed. The general
  conditions form part of the contract to the
  extent that they are common in substance.
• (2) However, no contract is formed if one party
• (a) has indicated in advance, explicitly, and not
  by way of general conditions, that it does not
  intend to be bound by a contract on the basis of
  paragraph (1) or

26
Now

• Form of a contract

27
Form - CC

• 1.71 straipsnis. Sandoriu forma
• 1. Sandoriai sudaromi odiu, ratu (paprasta
  arba notarine forma) arba konkliudentiniais
  veiksmais.
• 1.72 straipsnis. odine sandoriu forma
• 1. Sandoriai, kuriems istatymai ar aliu
  susitarimas nenustato raytines formos, gali buti
  sudaromi odiu.
• 2. Su raytines sutarties vykdymu susije
  sandoriai gali buti sudaromi odiu, jeigu tai
  neprietarauja istatymams ar sutarciai.
• 1.73 straipsnis. Raytine sandoriu forma
• 1. Paprasta raytine forma turi buti sudaromi
• 1) fiziniu asmenu sandoriai, kai sandorio suma
  sudarymo metu yra didesne kaip penki tukstanciai
  litu, iskyrus sandorius, kurie ir ivykdomi
  sudarymo metu
• 2) juridiniu asmenu steigimo sandoriai
• 3) prekiu pirkimo?pardavimo isimoketinai
  sutartys
• 4) draudimo sutartys
• 5) arbitrainiai susitarimai
• 6) kilnojamojo daikto nuomos ilgesniam nei
  vieneriu metu terminui sutartys
• 7) preliminarines sutartys
• 8) asmens ilaikymo iki gyvos galvos (rentos)
  sutartys
• 9) taikos sutartys
• 10) kiti sandoriai, kuriems is kodeksas ar kiti
  istatymai nustato privaloma paprasta raytine
  forma.
• 2. Raytines formos sandoriai sudaromi suraant
  viena dokumenta, pasiraoma visu sandorio aliu,
  arba alims apsikeiciant atskirais dokumentais.
  Raytines formos dokumentui prilyginami aliu
  pasirayti dokumentai, perduoti telegrafinio,
  faksimilinio ryio ar kitokiais telekomunikaciju
  galiniais irenginiais, jeigu yra utikrinta
  teksto apsauga ir galima identifikuoti paraa.
• 3. alys susitarimu gali nustatyti papildomu
  raytines sandorio formos reikalavimu (tam tikru
  asmenu parau buvimas, dokumento antspaudavimas,
  specialios formos dokumento suraymas ir t. t.)
  bei numatyti tokiu papildomu reikalavimu
  nesilaikymo teisines pasekmes. Kai alys iu
  reikalavimu nesilaiko, sandoris laikomas
  nesudarytu, jeigu aliu susitarimu nenustatyta ko
  kita.

28
Form - CISG

• Article 11
• A contract of sale need not be concluded in or
  evidenced by writing and is not subject to any
  other requirement as to form. It may be proved by
  any means, including witnesses.
• Article 12
• Any provision of article 11, article 29 or Part
  II of this Convention that allows a contract of
  sale or its modification or termination by
  agreement or any offer, acceptance or other
  indication of intention to be made in any form
  other than in writing does not apply where any
  party has his place of business in a Contracting
  State which has made a declaration under article
  96 of this Convention. The parties may not
  derogate from or vary the effect or this article.
  
• Article 13
• For the purposes of this Convention "writing"
  includes telegram and telex.

29
Form - UNIDROIT

• ARTICLE 2.1.2
• (Definition of offer)
• A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes
  an offer if it is sufficiently definite
• and indicates the intention of the offeror to be
  bound in case of acceptance.

30

• Now
• Pre - contractual relations

31
CC

• 6.163 straipsnis. aliu pareigos esant
  ikisutartiniams santykiams
• 1. alys privalo elgtis sainingai ir esant
  ikisutartiniams santykiams.
• 2. alys turi teise laisvai pradeti derybas bei
  deretis ir neatsako u tai, jog nepasiekiamas
  aliu susitarimas.
• 3. alis, kuri pradeda derybas del sutarties
  sudarymo ar derasi nesainingai, privalo
  atlyginti kitai aliai padarytus nuostolius.
  Laikoma, kad derybos pradedamos ar deramasi
  nesainingai, kai derybu alis neturi tikslo
  sudaryti sutarti, taip pat atlieka kitus
  sainingumo kriteriju neatitinkancius veiksmus.
• 4. alys privalo atskleisti viena kitai joms
  inoma informacija, turincia esmines reikmes
  sutarciai sudaryti.
• 6.164 straipsnis. Konfidencialumo pareiga
• 1. Jeigu viena alis derybu metu suteikia kitai
  aliai konfidencialia informacija, tai kita
  alis, suinojusi ar gavusi ia informacija,
  privalo jos neatskleisti ar nenaudoti savo
  tikslams neteisetu budu nepaisant to, ar sutartis
  sudaryta, ar ne. ia pareiga paeidusi alis
  privalo atlyginti kitai aliai padarytus
  nuostolius.
• 2. Minimalus nuostoliai tokiais atvejais yra
  tokio dydio, kokia yra gauta nauda, ireikta
  pinigais.
• 6.165 straipsnis. Preliminarioji sutartis
• 1. Preliminariaja sutartimi laikomas aliu
  susitarimas, pagal kuri jame aptartomis salygomis
  alys isipareigoja ateityje sudaryti kita
  pagrindine sutarti.
• 2. Preliminarioji sutartis turi buti raytine.
  Formos reikalavimu nesilaikymas preliminariaja
  sutarti daro negaliojancia.
• 3. Preliminariojoje sutartyje alys turi nurodyti
  termina pagrindinei sutarciai sudaryti. Jeigu is
  terminas nenurodytas, pagrindine sutartis turi
  buti sudaryta per metus nuo preliminariosios
  sutarties sudarymo.
• 4. Jeigu preliminariaja sutarti sudariusi alis
  nepagristai vengia ar atsisako sudaryti
  pagrindine sutarti, ji privalo atlyginti kitai
  aliai padarytus nuostolius.
• 5. Jeigu alys per preliminariojoje sutartyje
  nustatyta termina pagrindines sutarties nesudaro,
  tai prievole sudaryti ia sutarti pasibaigia.

32
CISG

• GENERAL PROVISIONS
• Article 7
• (1) In the interpretation of this Convention,
  regard is to be had to its international
  character and to the need to promote uniformity
  in its application and the observance of good
  faith in international trade.

33
UNIDROIT Principles

• ARTICLE 2.1.15
• (Negotiations in bad faith)
• (1) A party is free to negotiate and is not
  liable for failure to reach an agreement.
• (2) However, a party who negotiates or breaks off
  negotiations in bad faith is
• liable for the losses caused to the other party.
• (3) It is bad faith, in particular, for a party
  to enter into or continue negotiations
• when intending not to reach an agreement with the
  other party.
• ARTICLE 2.1.16
• (Duty of confidentiality)
• Where information is given as confidential by one
  party in the course of
• negotiations, the other party is under a duty not
  to disclose that information or to use it
• improperly for its own purposes, whether or not a
  contract is subsequently concluded.
• Where appropriate, the remedy for breach of that
  duty may include compensation based
• on the benefit received by the other party.

34
Principles of European Contract Law

• Section 3 Liability for negotiations
• Article 2301 Negotiations Contrary to Good
  Faith
• (1) A party is free to negotiate and is not
  liable for failure to reach an agreement.
• (2) However, a party who has negotiated or broken
  off negotiations contrary to good faith and fair
  dealing is liable for the losses caused to the
  other party.
• (3) It is contrary to good faith and fair
  dealing, in particular, for a party to enter into
  or continue negotiations with no real intention
  of reaching an agreement with the other party.
•  
• Article 2302 Breach of Confidentiality
• If confidential information is given by one party
  in the course of negotiations, the other party is
  under a duty not to disclose that information or
  use it for its own purposes whether or not a
  contract is subsequently concluded. The remedy
  for breach of this duty may include compensation
  for loss suffered and restitution of the benefit
  received by the other party.

35
Finally - Capacity

• CC
• 2.5 straipsnis. Fiziniu asmenu civilinis
  veiksnumas
• 1. Fizinio asmens galejimas savo veiksmais igyti
  civilines teises ir susikurti civilines pareigas
  (civilinis veiksnumas) atsiranda visikai, kai
  asmuo sulaukia pilnametystes, t. y. kai jam
  sueina atuoniolika metu.
• 2.74 straipsnis. Juridiniu asmenu teisnumas
• 1. Privatieji juridiniai asmenys gali tureti ir
  igyti bet kokias civilines teises ir pareigas,
  iskyrus tas, kurioms atsirasti reikalingos
  tokios fizinio asmens savybes kaip lytis, amius
  bei giminyste.
• 2. Vieieji juridiniai asmenys turi specialuji
  teisnuma, t. y. jie gali tureti ir igyti tik
  tokias civilines teises ir pareigas, kurios
  neprietarauja ju steigimo dokumentams ir veiklos
  tikslams.
• 3. Juridiniams asmenims mutatis mutandis taikoma
  io kodekso 2.4 straipsnio 3 dalis.
• 2.77 straipsnis. Juridiniu asmenu veiklos
  licencijavimas
• 1. Istatymu nustatytais atvejais juridiniai
  asmenys gali imtis tam tikros ruies veiklos tik
  gave istatymu nustatyta tvarka iduota licencija.