Be Careful Out There

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Be Careful Out There Tools You Can Use

• Flight Risk Assessment Tool
• AC 91-79 Runway Overrun Prevention

Dennis Keith JetSolutions Dave Hewitt NetJets
International
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What if you had this flight.?
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What if you had this flight..?

• KTEB to KPBI
• Runway at KPBI is wet
• Thunderstorms are forecast at ETA
• ETA at KPBI is at night
• Captain has less than 200 hours in type
• Repositioning flight
• Is this a safe flight?
• If so, how do you know?

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Lets talk about

• Safety management
• The Flight Risk Assessment Tool
• A sample flight using FRAT

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Safety Management

• Safety Management Systems (SMS)
• Proactive vs. reactive safety
• Flight risk assessment it part of SMS
• SMS information
• NATA Safety 1st Management System
• AC 120-92

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Safety Management

• Hazard any existing or potential condition that
  can lead to injury, illness, or death to people
  damage to or loss of a system, equipment, or
  property or damage to the environment. A hazard
  is a condition that is a prerequisite to an
  accident or incident.

In English hazards are bad and can get someone
injured or killed or something broken.
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Safety Management

• Risk The composite of predicted severity and
  likelihood of the potential effect of a hazard in
  the worst credible system state.

In English severity X likelihoodRISK
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Flight Risk Assessment Tool

• Not a new concept
• FRAT developed by TAOS
• InFO 07015
• www.faa.gov/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_
  operators/airline_safety/info/
• Looks at three areas
• Pilot Qualifications and Experience
• Operating Environment
• Equipment

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Flight Risk Assessment Tool
Risk Value Severity X Likelihood
Flight Value
IdentifiedHazards
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Flight Risk Assessment Tool
Total Flight Value
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Flight Risk Assessment Tool

• Setting Operational Thresholds
• Operator specific
• Thresholds based on
• Type of operation
• Environment
• Aircraft type
• Pilot training
• Operational experience

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Flight Risk Assessment Tool

• Setting Operational Thresholds
• Be realistic
• If the threshold is never exceeded, it is
  probably not set correctly
• Thresholds should trigger another level of review
• Director of Operations
• Chief Pilot

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What if you had this flight..?

• KTEB to KPBI
• Runway at KPBI is wet
• Thunderstorms are forecast at ETA
• ETA at KPBI is at night
• Captain has less than 200 hours in type
• Repositioning flight

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FRAT Example

• Company has set operational threshold
• Total Flight Value of 20 or greater requires
  review by Chief Pilot
• No flights with Flight Value of 25 or greater
• Risk must be mitigated until total Flight Value
  is less than 25

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FRAT Example

• Begin at the beginning

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FRAT Example

• KTEB to KPBI
• No specific hazard with departure/destination
  airports
• Runway at KPBI is wet
• Operating Environment section of FRAT
• Risk Value 3

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FRAT Example

• Thunderstorms are forecast at ETA
• Operating Environment section of FRAT
• Risk Value 4
• ETA at KKPBI is at night
• Operating Environment section of FRAT
• Risk Value 5

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FRAT Example

• Captain has less than 200 hours in type
• Pilot Qualifications section of FRAT
• Risk Value 5
• Repositioning flight
• Operating Environment section of FRAT
• Risk Value 5

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FRAT Example

• Add up the Flight Values from each section

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FRAT Example
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FRAT Example
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FRAT Example

• Add up total Risk Values for final score
• Is this flight good to go?
• Company threshold 20 CP approval required
• CP approval required
• Another option mitigate a hazard to reduce
  Flight Value lt 20
• Changing ETA to arrive in daylight reduces Flight
  Value to 17

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What we talked about.

• Safety management
• The Flight Risk Assessment Tool
• A sample flight using FRAT

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Runway Overrun Prevention

• Advisory Circular 91-79

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Issue

• Frequency of runway overrun accidents
• Part 121 and General Aviation
• Turbine powered airplanes
• FAA proposed operations specification
• Landing distance assessment
• Add 15 to calculated landing distance
• Subsequently withdrawn
• SAFO 06012 published August 2006
• Landing Performance Assessment at Time of Arrival
• Voluntary compliance

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AC Development

• Turbine Aircraft Operations Subgroup (TAOS)
• Part of General Aviation Joint Steering Committee
• Reviewed historical data related to overruns
• 10 years of data reviewed

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AC Development

• TAOS Conclusions
• Nothing new happening usual suspects
• Non-stabilized approaches
• Excess airspeed
• Landing beyond touchdown point
• Failure to re-assess landing distance enroute
• Data did not explicitly support 15 additive
• Additional education key to mitigation

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AC 91-79

• Released November, 2007
• Two year TAOS effort
• Centralized source of information

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AC 91-79 Structure

• First Part
• Background
• Hazards
• Mitigation strategies
• Can U Stop?
• Rules of thumb
• Landing distance worksheet

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Can U Stop?
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Rules of Thumb
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Sample Worksheet
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AC 91-79 Structure

• Appendix 1 Additional Information
• Definitions
• Braking action
• Stabilized approach criteria
• Standard operating procedures
• Factors the pilot can control
• Landing weight
• Threshold crossing height
• Threshold crossing airspeed
• Touchdown point
• Techniques

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AC 91-79 Structure

• Appendix 2 Regulatory Considerations
• Part 91, 91K, and 135 requirements
• 60 / 80 pre-flight planning rules
• Appendix 3
• Certification Considerations
• Landing Distance Data
• Appendix 4
• Certification Considerations
• Landing Distance Data Wet and Contaminated
  Runways

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Runway Overrun Prevention

• Future activity
• Landing Distance Assessment ARC formed by FAA
• Part 121, 135, and 91K operators represented

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Be Careful Out There
Questions?

• Flight Risk Assessment Tool
• AC 91-79 Runway Overrun Prevention

Dennis Keith JetSolutions Dave Hewitt NetJets
International
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SMS Decision Tree