PEaCE AND COOPERATION

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TOPIC 4

• PEaCE AND COOPERATION
• INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND
• MULTI-PARTY STATES

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POSITIVES OF THE 20TH CENTURY

• MAJOR THEMES
• INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR WORK
• MULTI-PARTY STATES
• DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES

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DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS
• NATO and SEATO-STOP SPREAD OF COMMUNISM

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HISTORICAL ORIGINS

• LEAGUE OF NATIONS TO PREVENT A SECOND WORLD WAR
• YALTA AND POTSDAM GAVE THE LEAGUE A SECOND LIFE.
  
• THE UNITED NATIONS

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• STRUCTURE

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• ORGANIZATION
• EUROPEAN UNION IS ORGANIZED BY REGION TO PROMOTE
  ECONOMIC TIES.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• THE WARSAW PACT WAS ORGANIZED IN RESPONSE TO
  NATO.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• SPECIALIZED AGENCIES
• WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
• INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION

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WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• AIMS THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH AIMED TO
  DENATIONALIZE THEIR COLONIES?
• WHAT WERE SOME OF THESE COLONIES?
• INDIA
• SOUTH AFRICA
• HONG KONG

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WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• EFFORTS TO PRESERVE PEACE
• VERSAILLES
• AND ETHNIC NATIONALISM
• EUROPEAN UNION AND CIVIC NATIONALISM

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ALLIANCES v COLLECTIVE SECURITY

• ALLIANCES
• WW I
• WW II
• COLD War
• COLLECTIVE SECURITY
• HAGUE CONFERENCES
• LEAGUE OF NATIONS
• UNITED NATIONS

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WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• IMPROVE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS
• WORLD BANK
• UNESCO

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WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• TO FURTHER TRADE AND REGIONAL COOPERATION
• WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) SUCCESSOR TO GATT
• NAFTA-NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION
• OECD-ORGANIZATION FOR EUROPEAN COOPERATION AND
  DEVELOPMENT

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WORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• SUCCESSES
• DEBATING SOCIETIES
• ALLOWS COUNTRIES TO VENT
• EXPOSURE TO STAID AND CREATIVE THINKERS
• GREATER PUBLIC SCRUTINY
• FOSTERS CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING
• DUES BASED ON ABILITY TO PAY

• FAILURES
• OPTIONAL MEMBERSHIP
• DEBATING SOCIETIES
• FACADES
• STRONG PEOPLE/COUNTRIES THAT WANT TO DOMINATE
• INDIVIDUAL VS COLLECTIVE ACTION
• GRIDLOCK

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ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PARTY STATES

• PARTY ORGANIZATION
• BASIS (IDEOLOGY, ethnicity)
• CONSTITUENCY
• ELECTABILITY
• FLEXIBILITY
• INCLUSIVENESS
• DOMESTIC v FOREIGN POLICY

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ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PARTY STATES

• DEMOCRACY
• CIVIC NATIONALISM
• VARIATIONS AND TYPES OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
• IMPORTANCE OF TRADITION
• INCLUSION OF MINORITIES
• ROLE OF WOMEN
• PREPARATION OF YOUNGER GENERATIONS

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ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PARTY STATES

• ELECTORAL SYSTEMS
• DIRECT OR INDIRECT VOTING
• QUALIFICATIONS TO VOTE
• INTEGRITY OF VOTING
• SAFETY OF VOTERS
• SECRET BALLOT
• POWER OF MONEY
• NEPOTISM
• ACCEPTANCE OF OUTCOME

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ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PARTY STATES

• DIFFERENT FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
• REPUBLIC (DEGAULLE AND THE FIFTH REPUBLIC)
• CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY (ADENAUER AND
  WESTGERMANY)
• CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY (GREAT BRITAIN AND JAPAN
  POST-WWII )
• IMPOSED MULTI-PARTY DEMOCRACY
• (WEIMAR AND POST-WWII JAPAN AND
• GERMANY)

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ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PARTY STATES

• DEMOCRACY
• EVOLUTION FROM DICTATORSHIP TO CONSTITUTIONAL
  MONARCHY
• FRANCO-PRE-WWII TO HIS DEATH IN 1975

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FINDING ANOTHER WAY

• EVOLUTION FROM DICTATORSHIP TO MULTI-ETHNIC
  FEDERATION
• TITO
• EXPELLED FROM THE COMMUNIST INFORMATION BUREAU
  (COMINFORM)
• CENTRALIZED CONTROL TO DECENTRALIZATION
• TRIED TO LEAD NON-ALIGNED STATES
• WHAT DO YOU THINK HAPPENED AFTER HIS DEATH?

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ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MULTI-PARTY STATES

• POWERFUL PRESIDENT
• ELECTIONS DETERMINED BY SET TERMS
• LAME DUCK
• RE-ELECTION EFFORTS CAN PREEMPT THE COUNTRYS
  INTERESTS
• DIVIDED GOVERNMENT

• POWERFUL PRIME MINISTER
• REQUIRES A MAJORITY OF REPRESENTATIVE SUPPORT
• RESIGNATION HAS LESS OF A STIGMA
• TENDS TO FAVOR MULTI-LATERALISM IN WORLD AFFAIRS
• COALITIONS

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DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES

• POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
• WORLD DEPRESSION IN THE 1930S
• TENDS TO WEAKEN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• GERMANY PULLED OUT OF THE LEAGUE
• ITALY INVADED ETHIOPIA IN VIOLATION OF LEAGUE
  PRINCIPLES
• JAPAN INVADED CHINA IN VIOLATION OF MANY
  INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS

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DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES

• ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AIMS AND POLICIES
• LEAGUE OF NATIONS
• INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION
• SPECIAL COMMISSIONS ON HEALTH, SLAVERY, REFUGEES,
  MINORITIES, WOMEN AND CHILDREN

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DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES

• EUROPEAN UNION
• ALLIGN MEMBER COUNTRIES TO FACILTATE TRADE
• SET STANDARDS FOR TECHNOLOGY
• COORDINATE INTER-COUNTRY TRAFFIC
• STANDARDIZE WAGE AND BENEFIT PAYMENTS
• DETERMINE AID FOR WEAKER MEMBERS
• COMMON AGRICULTURE POLICY

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DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES

• STATUS OF WOMEN
• UNITED NATIONS
• COMMISSION ON STATUS OF WOMEN
• INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

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DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES

• FOREIGN POLICY
• EUROPEAN UNION
• STRUGGLING WITH THIS ISSUE
• FEDERATION v CONFEDERATION
• NATO
• DISSOLUTION, CHANGE MISSION, SCALE-BACK OR
  SOMETHING UNDETERMINED
• UNITED NATIONS
• CHANGES IN SECURITY COUNCIL
• VALIDITY OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY

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DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICY

• IMPACT OF COLD WAR POLICIES
• NATO AND THE WARSAW PACT
• MARSHALL PLAN AND COMECON
• UNITED NATIONS-ACTION OR GRIDLOCK
• KOREAN WAR AND COLLECTIVE SECURITY
• VIETNAM AND UNILATERALISM
• PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS

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SAMPLE QUESTION

• Compare and contrast the peace keeping aims and
  methods of the League of Nations and the United
  Nations

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Comparison

• Similarities
• Aims of both were to preserve peace, prevent war
  and respect national sovereignty
• Both worked to obtain disarmament
• Both organized after a major war to promote
  peace
• Both dominated by winning powers of major wars
• Both could use sanctions to halt aggression
• Both structured to foster debate rather than
  action
• Both toted the utopian concept of collective
  action
• Neither had a standing army
• Both had some successes in resolving disputes
  between smaller states
• Both had social and economic agencies to address
  underlying causes of war
• Both looked to consensus rather than
  mobilization to preserve peace
• See next slide for contrasts (differences)

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Contrast

• Differences
• League never attempted to militarily halt
  invasions of weaker countries, UN only once in
  the Korean War with mixed results
• League never used peacekeeping forces, UN has
  on many occasions with some success
• League required unanimous vote in council, UN
  gave veto power to permanent members in council,
  a more confrontational structure