Dr. Nguyen Chi Quang; Nguyen Khac Hieu

1
Linkages between the Climate change,
Biodiversity and Sustainable Development
Ða d?ng sinh h?c và Bi?n d?i khí h?u - M?i liên
quan d?n dói nghèo và phát tri?n b?n v?ng Hà
N?i, ngày 22 và 23 tháng 5 nam 2007.

• Dr. Nguyen Chi Quang Nguyen Khac Hieu

National Office for Climate Change and Ozone
Protection International Cooperation
Department MONRE
2
(No Transcript)
3
Impacts of Climate Change
Health Impacts Weather-related mortality/heat
stress Infectious diseases Air quality-induced
respiratory effects
Agriculture Impacts Crop yields and commodity
prices Irrigation demands Pests and weed
Climate Changes
Forest Impacts Change in forest composition Shift
geographic range of forests Forest health and
productivity
Temperature
Precipitation
Water Resource Impacts Changes in water supply
and timing Water quality Increased competition
for water
Sea Level Rise
Coastal Area Impacts Erosion of
beaches Inundation of coastal wetlands Costs to
defend coastal communities
Ecosystem Impacts Shifts in ecological zones Loss
of habitat and species Coral reefs threatened
4
The Global Climate of the 21st Century
Source IPCC 2007
World Population 6,640,000,000
5
Dramatic Changes An Ice-free Arctic?
1979-2003 Progressive Loss of Arctic Ice
Global Warming caused by human activities has
likely had a discernible impact on many physical
and biological systems at the global level
6
Projected Impacts of Climate Change
Source Stern Review 2006
7
444 B.
2,200 B.
8,800 B
8
Climate Change and Sustainable Development

• Climate change is an inter- and
  intra-generational equity issue
• developing countries and poor people in
  developing countries are the most vulnerable
• the actions of today will affect future
  generations because of the long life-times of the
  greenhouse gases and the inertia within the
  climate system

Priorities in Agenda 21 in Viet Nam

• Soil degradation abatement
• Water environment issues
• Mineral resources exploitation
• Marine, coastal environment
• Forest resources and environment
• Solid wastes and hazardous wastes management
• Biodiversity
• Climate changes and natural disasters

9
Economic Development in Viet Nam
Viet Nam 2006
10
Viet Nam WTO
Key Challenges There is a new global development
Environmental
Water Climate Resources Biodiversity
Social
Responsibility Poverty reduction Cultural values
Values
Corporate Values Leaders Values Societal Values
11
Sustainable Development in Viet Nam
Economic growth
Efficiency Growth Stability

• Valuation
• Internalization

• Intra-generational equity
• Targeted relief/employment

Environmental sustainability
Poverty Human welfare/Empowerment Culture/Heritag
e
Social equity
Biodiversity/Resilience Natural
Resources Pollution

• Inter-generational equity
• Popular participation

12
Relative importance of threats to biodiversity
Source WB staff assessment 2005
13
Global Impacts of Sea Level Rise
Source Stern Review 2006
14
1 m
The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing
Countries A Comparative Analysis for 84 coastal
developing countries into 5 regions
2 m
3 m
For precautionary planning purposes, SLR in the
range of 1m - 3m should therefore be regarded as
realistic
4 m
5 m
by WB 2007
15
Estimate Indicators Impacts of sea level rise () (by WB 2007) Impacts of sea level rise () (by WB 2007) Impacts of sea level rise () (by WB 2007) Impacts of sea level rise () (by WB 2007) Impacts of sea level rise () (by WB 2007)
1m 2m 3m 4m 5m
Impacted Area 5 8,5 12 14,2 16
Population 11 18 25 32 35
GDP 10 16 24,5 30,5 36
Urban Extent 11 18 27 35 42
Agriculture Extent 7 12,5 17 21 24
Wetland Area 28 50 68 79 88
GDP
Land
Estimate Indicators Impacts of sea level rise 1m (by NCMH-2004) Impacts of sea level rise 1m (by NCMH-2004) Impacts of sea level rise 1m (by NCMH-2004) Impacts of sea level rise 1m (by NCMH-2004) Impacts of sea level rise 1m (by NCMH-2004)
All country Red River Delta North Central South Central Mekong Delta
Impacted Area (Th..Km2) 57 11.34 6.38 1.67 37.26
GDP (Bilion USD). 17
Urban Extent (Th.km2) 51 1 11 26 13
Population (M.Peoples) 17.12 14.26 0.51 0.72 14.46
Agriculture Extent (Km2) 5,276 221 64 19 4,972
Wetlands Area (Km2) 1,731 0 122 330 1,279
Agri.
Population
Urban
16
The policy and regulatory framework on Climate
Change

1. Viet Nam signed the United Nations Framework
   Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on 11 June
   1992 and ratified it on 16 November 1994. Viet
   Nam also signed the Kyoto Protocol (KP) on 3
   December 1998 and ratified it on 25 September
   2002.
2. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
   of Viet Nam (MONRE) was assigned by the
   Government of Viet Nam as a National Focal Point
   Agency for taking part in and implementing the
   UNFCCC and KP.
3. The Prime Minister has issued a Directive No.
   35/2005/CT-TTg dated 17 October 2005 on the
   implementation of KP to the UNFCCC, as well as a
   Decision No.47/2007/QD-TTg dated 06 April 2007
   regarding a Action Plan to carry out the Climate
   Change and KP in the period of 2007-2010.
4. Minister of MONRE has issued a Circular No.
   10/2006/TT-BTNMT dated 12 December 2006 for the
   Guidelines for developing CDM projects in Viet
   Nam.
5. The Financial Mechanism for CDM Projects,
   including establishment of CDM fund, and fee
   service are being developed by the Ministry of
   Finance

17
The Activities to Mitigation, Adaptation and
Disater Preparedness

• Climate Change in Asia Viet Nam Project
  supported by ADB -1994
• Asia Least Cost GHG Abatement Strategy (ALGAS)
  Project supported by UNDP / GEF / ADB - 1997
• Economics of GHG Limitation supported by
  UNEP/GEF - 1998
• Vietnam Coastal Zone Vulnerability Assessment
  supported by Netherlands 2000-2003
• Initial National Communication was completed and
  sent to UNFCCC Secretariat in November 2003
• Preparedness for Disasters Related to Climate
  Change supported by Netherlands Red Cross - 2005
• Completed National GHG Inventories for 1990,
  1993, 1994 and 1998
• Viet Nam National Strategy Study on Clean
  Development Mechanism- (NSS) supported by
  Government of Australia through World Bank,
  2000-2001.
• The Project "Viet Nam Expedited financing for
  measures for capacity building in priority areas
  (Phase II) - GF/2724-03-4701" funded and assisted
  by UNEP/GEF - 2005
• Project Capacity Development for CDM in Viet
  Nam launched by UNEP with the financial support
  from Netherlands Government, 2003-2005

18
The Activities to Mitigation, Adaptation and
Disater Preparedness

• The First National Strategy and Action Plan for
  Disaster Mitigation was developed and approved
  in 1994 (updated 1995).
• The Second National Strategy and Action Plan for
  Disaster Mitigation and Management for the period
  2001-2020.
• The Vietnam Coastal Wetlands Protection and
  Development Project (2001-2006), supported by
  Netherlands
• The Quang Ngai Disaster Mitigation Project
  (2003-2005)
• The Water Disaster Risk Reduction Projects in Da
  Nang City and Binh Dinh Province
• The project Climate Change Impacts in Huong
  River Basin and Adaptation in its Coastal
  District Phu Vang (2005-2007) is funded by the
  Netherlands Climate Assistance Programme (NCAP)
• The Cooperative Programme on Water and Climate
  (CPWC) (2000ongoing)
• Climate Change Adaptation Program
• Others activities

19
Viet Nam Preparation of Second National Communication under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

• This Project with financial supported by
  GEF/UNEP, 2006-2009 has activities relevant to
  the national response to climate change issues
  such as
• Institutional framework for project
  implementation
• National GHG Inventory for 2000
• Programmes Containing Measures to Facilitate an
  Adequate Adaptation to Climate Change, including
  Preparation of National Adaptation Plan
• Programmes Containing Measures to Mitigate
  Climate Change, including Preparation of National
  Policy Framework for GHG Emission Reduction and
  Enhancement of Sinks
• Development and Transfer of Environmentally Sound
  Technologies (ESTs)
• Research and Systematic Observation
• Education, Training and Public Awareness
• Integration of Climate Change Concerns into
  Sustainable Development Strategy
• Information and Networking
• Preparation and presentation of the Second
  National Communication (SNC)

20
Project Capacity Development for National Climate Change Focal Point in Viet Nam

• This Project with financial supported by
  Government of Denmark, 2007-2009 has activities
  relevant to the national response to climate
  change issues such as
• Develop Technical Capacity of the National
  Climate Change Focal Point (NCCFP) to undertake
  national awareness raising and develop capacity
  of relevant sector agencies at central and
  provincial levels in Vietnam
• Provide Access to Information on Climate Change
  in Vietnam for Decision-Makers and the General
  Public
• Development of National Climate Change Database
  and Climate Change Scenarios in Vietnam to 2050
• Prepare Strategic Framework for Integration of
  Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation into the
  National Sustainable Development Action Plan

21
Governance Institutions on CDM and Climate Change

1. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
   of Viet Nam (MONRE) was assigned by Viet Namese
   Government as a National Focal Agency for taking
   part in and implementing UNFCCC and KP in the
   country.
2. The International Cooperation Department (ICD) of
   MONRE was the Designated National Authority (DNA)
   for the CDM and Climate Change in Viet Nam
3. Viet Nam's CDM and Climate Change National
   Executive and Consultative Board (CNECB) was also
   established and chaired by Director General of
   ICD of MONRE.

22
National GHG Inventories and CDM projects (more
90 PINPDD) in ViÖt Nam
1994 National GHG Inventory
120.8 million tons CO2 equi
1998 National GHG Inventory
23
Linkages between the UNFCCC, CBD, Ramsar World
Heritage Conventions
Climate change is projected to exacerbate the
loss of biodiversity increase the risk of
extinction for many species, especially those
that are already at risk due to factors such as
low population numbers, restricted or patchy
habitats and limited climatic range and
adversely impact ecosystem services essential for
sustainable development.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - 2005
24
Linkages Climate Change, Biodiversity andPoverty
Reduction Issues
Poverty Reduction
25
UNFCCC Convention of Biodiversity

1. Ensure that future activities of the UNFCCC are
   consistent with and supportive of the
   conservation and sustainable use of biological
   diversity.
2. Develop methods for adapting marine and coastal
   protected area management, which may result from
   climate change.
3. Take measures to manage ecosystems so as to
   maintain their resilience to extreme climatic
   events and to help mitigate and adapt to climate
   change.
4. Strengthen networks for data collection and
   dissemination of information on coral-reef status
   and implementation of long-term trends resulting
   from global climate change.
5. Promote the monitoring of protected areas
   susceptible to climate change.
6. Integrate climate change adaptation measures in
   protected area planning, management and design.

26
UNFCCC Ramsar Convention

1. Simulate assessment of the vulnerability of
   coastal wetlands in relation to climate change
   and sea level rise.
2. Undertake studies on the role of wetlands in
   mitigating the impacts of sea level rise and on
   the functions and benefits provided by coastal
   wetlands in relation to flood and natural hazard
   management.
3. Recognize fully the important role mangrove
   ecosystems can play in mitigating climate change
   and sea level rise, especially low areas (Red
   River and Mekong Delta).
4. Ensure that projects, plan, programmes and
   policies that can alter the ecological character
   or impact negatively on wetlands are subjected to
   rigorous impact assessment.
5. Review opportunities for the rehabilitation or
   restoration of degraded coastal wetlands and
   consider the creation of additional constructed
   wetlands within coastal areas

27
UNFCCC World Heritage Convention

1. Monitor and evaluate risks of climate change to
   world heritage properties
2. Identify measures being taken to mitigate and
   adapt to climate change
3. Take immediate steps to reduce greenhouse gas
   emissions
4. Ensure domestic emissions do not indirectly or
   directly damage properties in other countries
5. For large scale emitters to provide financial
   assistance to other Parties to develop measures
   to address impacts
6. To comply fully with obligations under the World
   Heritage Convention and act in good faith when
   engaging in international negotiations about
   climate change

28
Categories of Economic Values Attributed to
Biodiversity and Climate Change
Climate Change
Climate Change
29
Lessons from Mitigation and Adaptation
In Viet Nam, 12,000 hectares of mangroves planted
by the Red Cross protect 110 km of sea dykes.
Planting and protection cost US 1.1 million but
has reduced the cost of dyke maintenance by US
7.3 million per year (and the mangroves have
protected 7,750 families living behind the dyke).
Cost-Benefit of mitigation and adaptation
30
National Office for Climate Change and Ozone
Protection International Cooperation
Department MONRE 45 Tue Tinh, Ha Noi, Viet
Nam Tel [phone] Fax 844
9743200 Email vnccoffice_at_fpt.vn Website
www.noccop.org.vn
Cm n