The Role of Chemistry in Innovation Chemistry for Future Energy Supply

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The Role of Chemistry in InnovationChemistry
for Future Energy Supply

• K. Wagemann, DECHEMA e.V.

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Two hot topics in the present political
discussions

• Energy Supply
• Climate Change
• (Adaptation Mitigation)

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Energy in the SusChem Implementation Action Plan

• Energy
• Alternative energy sources
• Photovoltaic
• Fuels production from biomass
• Fuel cells
• (Metal)nanoparticles as fuel
• Wind power
• Energy conservation
• Efficient lighting
• Insulation
• Energy storage
• Batteries
• Gas storage
• Supercapacitors

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Energy in the SusChem-Deutschland IAP

• Photovoltaics
• Fuel cells
• Efficient use of energy - inorganic LEDs
• Efficient use of waste heat from industrial
  plants
• Li-Ion batteries for stationary and mobile
  applications
• Super caps
• H2 production and storage
• Exhaust gas treatment and catalysis
• Light weight materials
• Biobutanol

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Chemistry and Energy

• German Coordination Group Chemical aspects of
  energy research
• DECHEMA - Gesellschaft für Chemische Technik und
  Biotechnologie e.V.
• DBG Deutsche Bunsen Gesellschaft für
  Physikalische Chemie e.V
• GDCh Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker e.V.
• DGMK Deutsche Wissenschaftliche
  Gesellschaftfür Erdöl, Erdgas und Kohle e.V.
• VDI-GVC VDI-Gesellschaft Verfahrenstechnikund
  Chemieingenieurwesen
• VCI Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V.

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Position Paper
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Position PaperThesis

• The demand for chemical solutions will increase
• Fuel cells Catalysts, Electrolytes, Membranes
• Solar cells Organic, Polymeric, Easy to Process
  Systems
• Batteries Electrodes, Electrolytes
• Thermoelectrica Nanostructured Materials
• CO2-Sequestration Absorption, Chemical
  Conversion
• Heavy Oils and Coal (and Biomass) Conversion to
  Fuels

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The role of chemistry
Energy Supply
Fuels Bioenergy Photovoltaics Fuel
cells Thermoelectrics Collectors H2-Production
Energy storage
Mobile batteries Stationary batteries Supercaps Ch
emicals
CO2-Utilisation
OLEDs Superconductors Lightweight
materials Thermal insulation
Catalysis Microreaction techn. New reaction
media Process integration
Energy efficientproductionprocesses
Efficient use of energy
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Chemistry has a role for the future energy supply!
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Backup
Backup
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Chemistry-related CO2-Emissions
Numbers of 2004, Source Ministry of Economics
and Technology
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Production of Hydrogen

• Alternatives
• Direct thermal water splitting (without catalyst
  T gt 2.500C)
• catalytic
• redoxcatalytic
• Photocatalytic water splitting at solid surfaces
• Biomimetic photosystems in liquid phase
  (Ru-Systems)
• Biohydrogen

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Photovoltaics

• Thin film solar cells (a-Si, µCSi, CdTe ...)
• Multibandgap-cells
• Alternatives
• Organic semiconductor systems
• Photoelectrochemical cells(Grätzel-Cells)

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Materials for Collectors

• Coatings today
• Black Chromium
• Black Nickel
• Efficient, but processing (galvanisation) not
  environmentally benign
• Coatings Future
• Al2N3
• Carbides
• TiNOx
• Better efficiency (absorption and reflection)
• but processing costs high

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Thermoelectrical Devices

• Principle
• Materials Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, Sb2Te (RT) / PbTe-,
  SiGe-Alloys (550 800 K)
• Energy Source In general lost heat
• Applications
• Energy independent micro sensors (self-powered
  sensors)
• self-powered micro-devices
• Auxiliary power systems in automotives
• Cooling of Photovoltaic devices

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Thermoelectrical Devices

• Future Higher Efficiency using nanostructured
  materials

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CO2-Sequestration Utilisation

• Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies

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CO2-Sequestration

• Research Topics (Chemistry related)
• Coal Gasification
• CO2-Capture
• Absorption
• Membranes
• Materials / Corrosion(CO2(l) / H2O / High Salt
  Concentration)

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CO2-Utilisation

• Energy Storage Systems
• Dry Reforming
• CO2 as C1-Building Block
• Artificial Photosynthesis
• MicroalgaeCultivation
• Better Plants

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CO2-Utilisation

• Energy Storage SystemsCO2 H2 ? CH3OH H2O
• NEDO-Project, Japan (since early 90ies)

ZnCrO-catalyst
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CO2-UtilisationSteamless Carbon Dioxide
Reforming (Dry Reforming)

• CO2 CH4 ? 2CO 2H2
• Idea Exploitation of remote gas fields (stranded
  gas)
• Discussion Platforms
• Eranet Chemistry
• SusChem-D September Workshop

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CO2-UtilisationArtificial Photosynthesis
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CO2-UtilisationArtificial Photosynthesis

• Light harvesting supramolecular components
  (Balzani, Bologna)

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CO2-UtilisationArtificial Photosynthesis

• General Problems
• Thermal Stability
• Photo(oxidative)-Stability
• Light-Harvesting
• European Network Solar-H (http//www.fotomol.uu.s
  e/Forskning/Biomimetics/solarh)

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CO2-UtilisationCO2 as C1 Building Block

• Problem Inertness

CO2
O
O
C
C
OR1
R2O
OR1
R2
Carbonates
Ester
R3
R4
C
OR2
R1O
Acetales
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CO2-UtilisationCO2 as C1 Building Block

• Activation by Carboanhydrase
• CO2 H2O ? HCO3- H

Aktive Center of Carboanhydrase
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CO2-UtilisationActivation of CO2

• Active Species Carbamate
• M. Antonietti, Angew. Chemie 2007, 119, 2773
  ff

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CO2-Utilisation Biorefineries

• Bioethanol/BioDiesel (1st Generation)
• Biofuels 2nd Generation
• BTL (? FT-Catalysts)
• Lignocellulose ? Ethanol
• Biogas
• Chemical Building Blocks

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CO2-Utilisation Biogas
One Alternative Zinkoxid H2SZnO ?
H2OZnS 200-400 C (!) ? H2S-content ppb