Deinococci

1
Deinococci Nonproteobacteria (Vols. 1 5)
Phylum Aquificae Gram-negative
organisms hyperthermophiles opt.
85 chemolithotrophs oxidize H2, thiosulfate,
S O2 is the e- acceptor genome 1/3 size of E.
coli genome Phylum Thermotogae hyperthermop
hiles opt. 85 sheath around cell, often
balloons out chemoheterotrophs oxidize
sugars, amino acids 24 of coding sequences
resemble Archae
2
Deinococci Nonproteobacteria (Vols. 1 5)
Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus distinctive 16S
rRNA aerobic, mesophilic, catalase
positive stain Gram-positive, but envelope like
Gram-negative often in pairs,
tetrads resist desiccation radiation very
strong repair mechanisms widely distributed
3
Photosynthetic bacteria Anoxygenic H2S, S,
H2 or organics serve as e- sources
Green sulfur bacteria S granules outside the
cell Green nonsulfur bacteria
Purple sulfur bacteria S granules in the cell
Purple nonsulfur bacteria Oxygenic
bacteria H2O serves as e- source
Cyanobacteria Purple photosynthetic
bacteria found among the alpha, beta and gamma
proteobacteria
4
Photosynthetic bacteria Anoxygenic vs.
Oxygenic bacteria Pigments differ
bacteriochlorophyll vs. chlorophyll a
distinctive absorption spectra
5
Cyanobacteria photosystem resembles
eukaryotes contain chlorophyll a and
photosystem II phycobiliproteins as
accessory pigments CO2 fixation via Calvin
cycle store glycogen some fix N
some use gas vesicles to move up in water column
shapes vary see Fig. 21.7 hardy
pollution resistant in symbiotic
relationships fungi, protozoa, some plants
6
The Planctomycetes, Spirochaetes, Fibrobacteres,
Bacteroides, and Fusobacteria (Vol. 5)
Phylum Chlamydiae Chlamydia Phylum
Spirochaetes Spirochaeta, Borrelia, Treponema,
Leptospira Phylum Bacteroidetes Bacteroides,
Cytophaga
7
Phylum Chlamydiae Chlamydia non-motile,
coccoid energy parasites cant make ATP no
muramic acid in wall envelope like
Gram-negative envelope parasites of birds
mammals two morphological forms small,
thick-walled elementary body dense,
infectious enters cell by phagocytosis
larger, thinner-walled, non-infectious initial
body or reticulate body reproduces in a
cytoplasmic vacuole 20-25 hr post infection
forms elementary body
8
Chlamydia trachomatis several diseases
including sexually transmitted disease
urethritis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia
sexually transmitted disease often
asymptomatic in females inflammatory
pelvic disease conjunctivitis in newborns
blindness

9
Chlamydia trachomatis conjunctivitis blindness
10
Phylum Spirochaetes Spirochaeta, Borrelia,
Treponema, Leptospira Gram-negative,
chemoheterotrophic bacteria distinguished by
structure and motility long, helical rods
some very thin Gram-negative wall with a
sheath motile with flagella (2-100) extend
from both ends form axial filament under the
sheath filament winds around cell
11
Phylum Spirochaetes Spirochaeta, Borrelia,
Treponema, Leptospira aerobic ? facultative
anaerobic ? anaerobes metabolism
chemoheterotrophs using a variety of C
sources carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids,
long chain alcohols
12
Phylum Spirochaetes saprophytes to
obligate parasites habitat mud to human
oral cavity Spirochaeta free-living,
anaerobic Treponema pallidum - syphilis T.
pallidum subsp. partenue - yaws Borellia
burgdorferi - Lyme disease Leptospira aerobic,
found in water and soil some pathogens
leptospirosis
13
The Proteobacteria (Vol. 2) includes the
purple photosynthetic bacteria
Gram-negative similar in appearance rods,
cocci photoautotrophs to chemolithotrophs to
chemoheterotrophs based on 16S rRNA 5
subgroups Class I Alphaproteobacteria Class
II Betaproteobacteria Class III
Gammaproteobacteria Class IV Deltaproteobacteria
Class V Epsilonproteobacteria
14
Class I Alphaproteobacteria
Methylobacterium methylotrophic bacteria
Nitrobacter chemolithotrophs important in N
cycling Rhizobium N-fixation nodules on
roots Agrobacterium A. tumifaciens plant
tumors - Ti plasmid Rickettsia
Brucella
15
Class I Alphaproteobacteria Rickettsia,
Coxiella Gram-negative very small
cells obligate intracellular parasites rod-shap
ed to spherical to pleomorphic non-motile metabo
lize TCA cycle intermediates glutamate dont
use glycolysis absorb NAD and UDP-glucose from
host cell exchange ADP for ATP from cell enter
cell by inducing phagocytosis Rickettsia
exit phagosome reproduce in cytoplasm
Coxiella remains in phagosome reproduce
there (moved in the new edition of Bergeys)
16
Rickettsiales Rickettsia insect
vector transovarian passage R. prowazekii
R. typhi typhus fever (louse) R. rickettsia
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (tick)
Coxiella burnetti Q fever
17
Class II Betaproteobacteria large,
metabolically diverse group chemoheterotrophs to
photolithotrophs to chemolithotrophs to
methylotrophs morphologically diverse 6
orders, 12 families Neisseriaceae Neisseria (N.
gonorrhea, N. meningitidis) Burkholderiales B.
cepacia plant pathogen opportunist Alcaligenac
eae Alcaligenes, Bordatella Nitrosomanadales
Nitrosomonas nitrifying bacteria NH4 ?
NO2- Spirillum spiral cells with
bipolar flagella Hydrogenophilales
colorless S bacteria Thiobacillus
ferroxidans Fe2 ? Fe3 H2SO4
18
Class III Gammaproteobacteria extremely diverse
group 13 orders, 20 families, 160
genera chemoorganotrophs to photolithotrophs
to chemolithotrophs to methylotrophs purple
sulfur bacteria to intracellular parasites 16S
rRNA is key distinguishing factor rRNA
superfamily I Vibrionaceae Enterobacteriaceae P
asteurellaceae rRNA superfamily
II Pseudomonadaceae Azotobacteriaceae Acinetoba
cter
19
Order Chromatiales Chromatium purple sulfur
bacteria anaerobic, sulfide rich zones of
lakes
Order Methylococcales methylotrophs methane,
methanol other 1 C compounds as sole
carbon and energy sources
20
Order Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas motile
with polar flagella aerobic chemoheterotrophs u
se the Entner-Doudoroff pathway 5 groups, based
in part on rRNA homology
poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate production
flourescent pigment production
pathogenicity arginine dihydrolase
21
Order Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas
fluorescent subgroup no poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate,
water soluble yellow-green pigment P.
aeruginosa P. fluorescens wide variety of
organics used (80-100) degrade protein and
lipids spoil foods meat, eggs,
seafood plant and animal pathogens P.
aeruginosa
22
Order Pseudomonadales P. aeruginosa William E.
Keene, Amy C. Markum, and Mansour
Samadpour Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Infections Caused by Commercial Piercing of Upper
Ear Cartilage JAMA, Feb 2004 291 981 - 985.
23
Order Vibrionales Gram-negative straight to
slightly curved rods polar flagella oxidase
positive aquatic habitat Vibrio
cholerae water-borne intestinal pathogen V.
parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis from shellfish
V. fischerii - luminescent
24
Order Enterobacteriales Gram-negative
facultative anaerobes motile with
peritrichous flagella (some non-motile) 41
genera cleave pyruvate to formic acid some
formic acid to H2 and CO2 two groups based
on fermentation products mixed acid fermenters
lactate, acetate, butyrate, formate, (or H2
CO2), and ethanol butanediol fermenters
butanediol, ethanol and CO2
25
Enterobacteriales mixed acid
fermenters Escherichia, Proteus, Salmonella,
Shigella butanediol fermenters Serratia,
Enterobacter, Klebsiella
26
Dichotomous key to the enteric bacteria
27
Pasteurellales small, nonmotile
normally oxidase positive complex
nutritional requirements parasites of
vertebrates six genera Pasteurella P.
multilocida fowl cholera Haemophilus H.
influenzae - meningitis
28
Class IV Deltaproteobacteria chemoheterotrophs
morphologically and physiologically diverse some
predators some generate sulfide from sulfate and
sulfur Orders Desulfovibronales,
Desulfobacterales, and Desulfuromonadales i
mportant in the cycling of S in
ecosystems thrive in anaerobic aquatic
environments H2S odor and black sediment
Order Bdellovibrionales predators of bacteria
29
Class V Epsilonproteobacteria smallest
class slender, Gram-negative rods rods can
be straight, curved or helical Order
Campylobacterales Family Campylobacteraceae
Campylobacter fetus septicemia to enteritis in
humans C. jejuni abortions in sheep,
enteritis diarrhea in humans Family
Helicobacteraceae Helicobacter pylori