Chapter 15 The War to Save the Union

1
Chapter 15The War to Save the Union
2
Overall Objectives

• The student will analyze the impact of the Civil
  War by
• explaining the importance of key issues and
  events that led to the Civil War, including
  slavery and Lincolns election.
• Stating the importance of key events of the
  Civil War to include Antietam, Emancipation
  Proclamation, economic/social effects of the
  North and South, Shermans Atlanta Campaign,
  Generals in command, strategies of the military,
  cost of the war, and major battles.

3
Lincolns Cabinet

• Introduction of cabinet
• William H. Seward, Secretary of Sate
• Lincolns inaugural address

4
Fort Sumter The First Shot

• An island in Charleston Harbor.
• Republicans did not want to surrender.
• Confederates opened fire before naval supply
  ships arrived.
• Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 volunteers.
• Request prompted Virginia, North Carolina,
  Arkansas, Tennessee to secede.
• Nation chose to settle this quarrel by a force of
  arms.
• Southerners considered this an act of aggression
  and exercised self-determination.
• Lincolns position is that secession is a
  rejection of democracy.

5
The Blue and the Gray

• 20 million people in the North and 9 million in
  the South (includes 3.5 million slaves).
• 97 of firearms manufactured in North.
• Efficient railroad system in North.
• North controlled merchant marine.
• North depends on southern business.
• South provided ¾ of worlds cotton.
• Confederate had a great commander, General Lee.
• Confederacys call to arms produced a major
  turnout.
• Jefferson Davis was the Confederate President.

6
The Test of Battle Bull Run

• On July 21 at Manassa Junction, Virginia, 30,000
  Union soldiers under General McDowell attacked.
  Stonewall Jackson, Confederate General
  counterattacked and drove the Union soldiers
  back.
• Panic swept through Richmond and Washington.

7
Paying for the War

• After Bull Run, armies were taking shape.
• Income tax law passed in 1861 to help the cost of
  the war.
• Federal government borrowed money to cover the
  expenditures.
• Printing paper money called greenbacks were
  issued.

8
Politics As Usual

• The Republicans divided into Moderate and Radical
  wings.
• The Democrats took a conservative stance.
• Prominate radical senator was Charles Sumner.
• Rising power in the House was Thaddeus Stevens.
• Peace Democrats (wanted a negotiated peace) known
  as Copperheads.

9
Behind Confederate Lines

• 1862 Conscription Act passed.
• Conflicts between Jefferson Davis and governors.
• Finance was a problem due to the blockades,
  affecting the cotton is king theory.
• Outfitting the army strained the South.
• European countries did not support South.

10
War in the West Shiloh

• Shiloh had more casualities in 2 days than other
  battles of the Revolution, War of 1812, Mexican
  War.
• Technology was more accurate guns and powerful
  artillery.
• Generals reconsidered tactics field
  fortifications and defensive measures.

11
McClellan The Reluctant Warrior

• McClellan was moving against Richmond.
• He transported the army by water not through the
  rough terrain.
• McClellan was insecure, did not like to fight.
• He wanted to capture Richmond, not destroy the
  armies.
• Lee attacked McClellan, who transferred his
  troops to Harrisons Landing.
• If McClellan had persisted the fight, the war
  might have ended.

12
Lee Counterattacks Antietam

• McClellan was regrouping as Lee was dividing his
  army into units.
• September 17, Lee clashed with Union soldiers.
• Lee withdrew his troops back to Virginia.
• McClellan did nothing and once again let the
  victory slip away.

13
The Emancipation Proclamation

• Summer of 1862 Lincoln was convinced for
  military reasons the government should make
  abolition a war aim.
• January 1, 1863 all slaves in areas of
  rebellion against the United States shall be
  then, thenceforward, and forever free.
• This had a great impact for the North as well as
  the South. People thought that the freed slaves
  would drive down wages, commit crimes, and
  compete for jobs.
• Conscription Act passes allowing draftees to hire
  substitutes.

14
The Draft Riots

• The passage of the Conscription Act resulted in
  disturbances in cities.
• Most of the rioters were poor Irish Catholics and
  middle class Protestants.
• An assault on the well to do and blacks lasted 4
  days with the burning of public buildings, shops,
  and private residences.
• Federal troops and the temporary suspension of
  the draft put an end to the rioting.
• Hostility arose from changes not the new law.

15
The Emancipated People

• Frederick Douglass trusted Lincoln.
• Slaves of the South flocked to the union lines.

16
African American Soldiers

• The governor of Massachusetts organized a black
  regiment.
• This enlistment changed the war from a struggle
  to save the Union.
• The black soldiers received 7 a month.
• 21 blacks were awarded the Congressional Medal of
  Honor.

17
Antietam to Gettysburg

• Gettysburg marked the turning point of the war.
• Confederacy reached the Union lines, but Union
  reserves drove them back.
• July 3 the Confederacy was spent and Union lines
  unbroken. July 5 Lee retreated to safety as this
  was the last time the South tried to invade the
  North.

18
Lincoln finds His General Grant at Vicksburg

• Grants major aim was to capture Vicksburg.
• Vicksburg was important as it was in the
  trans-Mississippi region where Southerners could
  receive and send supplies.
• Grant became the commander of all federal troops,
  resulting in a victory at Chattanooga.
• This cleared the way for an invasion of Georgia.
• Grant emerged as a military leader the North
  needed, so Lincoln named him lieutenant general
  of all the armies of the united States.

19
Economic and Social Effects, North and South

• By the end of 1863 the Confederacy was on the
  road to defeat.
• Souths main resource of manpower was decreasing.
• The naval blockade was reducing the Souths
  economic strength.
• The southern railroad network was wearing down
  and imported products were scarce.
• Manufacturing was decreasing due to the shortage
  of labor, capital, and technical knowledge.
• The economy in the North was increasing.
• New laws passed stimulated the economy.

20
Women in Wartime

• Southern women as well as Northern women took
  over the management of farms.
• Women volunteered in the medical corps.
• Women took jobs in textile factories and
  government agencies.
• Clara Barton was among the first women to dress
  wounds of soldiers on the battlefield.

21
Grant in the Wilderness

• Grants strategy was to attack Lee while Sherman
  would drive towards Atlanta.
• Grants knew men and equipment could be replaced
  unlike the South.
• Grant put Petersburg under siege as the Union
  forces could extend their lines.
• If Lee abandons Richmond it is surrender in the
  southern eyes.

22
Sherman in Georgia

• The summer of 1864 Sherman inched towards Atlanta
  to assault Joseph Johnston.
• The march through Georgia (60 miles wide)
  destroyed southern resources.
• Sherman wanted to prove that marching an army
  through the South would be proof that the North
  could prevail.
• Shermans victories staggered the Confederacy and
  reelected Lincoln.
• Confederate lines were thinner and ragged.

23
To Appomattox Court House

• Confederate troops around Petersburg were losing
  strength and Lee tried to pull the troops back to
  Richmond.
• Grants army surrounded the troops and Lees
  30,000 men to the 115,000 could not resist.
• April 9 Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox
  Court House.

24
Winners, Losers, and the Future

• The war cost more than 600,000 lives.
• The Confederacy lost property losses.
• Slavery ended.
• The United States was seen as a nation not a
  union.
• Society was better integrated, technically
  advanced, and more productive economically.