ORBITALS

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ORBITALS
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• The number of the shell or principal energy level
  is called the principal quantum number and is
  represented by the symbol, n
• According to wave mechanics, every atom has
  principle energy levels and every principal
  energy level has one or more sublevels within it
• An orbital is defined as the part of the atom
  where electrons are most likely to be found
• An orbital may hold 1, 2, or no electrons

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Breakdown of principle energy levels
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Orbital Shape

• All s orbitals are spherical
• The difference between the s orbitals is that one
  in a higher principal energy level has a larger
  diameter than one in a lower level
• All p orbitals are shaped like a dumbbell or a
  figure 8, they all have the size and shape
• The difference is the axis around which they
  orbitx, y, or z
• There are five different d orbitals

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Electron Spin

• Electrons exhibit a property known as spin, a
  motion much like that of a toy top in action
• A spin can be referred to as clockwise or
  counterclockwise.
• According to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, in
  order for two electrons to occupy the same
  orbital, they must have opposite spins

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Quantum Number

• Information about the location of any one
  electron can be given by a series of four quantum
  numbers.
• These quantum numbers are used to represent the
  address of an electron in terms of its energy
  level, energy sublevel, orbital and spin
• Ex 2py2

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Notation for Electron Configuration

• The arrangement of the electrons among the
  various orbitals of an atom is called the
  electron configuration of the atom
• The notation for a neutral oxygen atom is
• 1s22s22px22py12pz1
• The notations are usually simplified to show
  only the total number of electrons in a
  sublevelso a neutral oxygen atom would usually
  be shown as
• 1s22s22p4