Time Study, Time Study Equipment

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Chapter 9

• Time Study, Time Study Equipment
• Making the Time Study

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Time Study

• USED TO ESTABLISH TIME STANDARDS
• a FAIR DAYS WORK
• (3) ELEMENTS TO DETERMINE TIME STANDARDS
• ESTIMATES
• HISTORICAL RECORDS
• WORK MEASURMEMENT PROCEDURES

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Four methods used for measuring work in industry

• Time study
• Pre-determined time standards
• Standard data
• Work sampling

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A FAIR DAYS WORK

• Most people are unable to define it.
• Generally defined as
• Amount of work that can be produced by a
  qualified employee when working at a standard
  pace and effectively utilizing his time where
  work is not restricted by process limitations.
• Qualified employees, standard pace, effective
  utilization?

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STANDARD PACE

• The effective rate of performance of a
  conscientious, self-paced, qualified employee
  when working neither fast nor slow and giving
  consideration to the physical, mental or visual
  requirements of the specific job

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Time Study Equipment

• Stopwatch
• Time Study Board
• Time Study Forms
• Pocket Calculator
• Videotape Equipment

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Widely used Timing Devices

• Stop watch
• Decimal minute watch (0.01 minute)
• Figure 9-1, page 378
• Electronic timer
• Figure 9-2

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Line of Sight

• The observer stands so that the work being
  observed and the stop watch dial are along the
  same line of sight.

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Time study steps

• Record information on operation/operator
• Divide into elements record description
• Observe record time taken by operator
• Determine number of cycles to be timed
• Rate operator performance
• Verify number of cycles to be timed
• Determine allowances
• Compute standard time

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Breaking it Down

• Keep manual and machine elements separate
• Separate constant elements from variable elements
• When an element is repeated, do not rewrite the
  description again

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Time study requests

• It is usually the supervisor who requests a time
  study be conducted.

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Time study

• Before beginning a time study, it is critical
  that the observer determine if the job is really
  ready for a time study.

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Information

• We want to record as much information as
  necessary so that someone totally unfamiliar with
  the study could understand it.

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Detailed description

• The time study will include a very detailed
  description of the method that was used by the
  operator.

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Dividing Operations into Elements

• The element should be as short in duration as can
  accurately be timed.
• Handling time should be separated from machine
  time.
• Constant elements should be separated from
  variable elements.

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Stop watch methods

• Continuous timing
• Repetitive timing
• Accumulative timing

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Continuous timing

• The analyst starts the stop watch at the
  beginning of the first element and permits it to
  run continuously during the period of the study.

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Repetitive timing

• With this method, the hands of the watch are
  snapped back to zero at the end of each element.

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Accumulative timing

• Two watches are used in a manner whereby when the
  first is stopped, the second is started and visa
  - versa.

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Number of cycles

• The greater the number of cycles timed, the more
  nearly the results will be representative of the
  activity being measured.

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Rating

• In rating, it is up to the analyst to decide the
  average level of performance at which the
  operator was working while the study was being
  made.

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Allowances

• No operator can maintain a standard pace every
  minute of every day.
• There are (3) classes of interruptions that can
  take place, for which extra time can take place.
• Personal
• Fatigue
• Delay

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Time value

• Unless a very good reason exists for deleting a
  time value, it is left in.

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Time Observation Data Sheet
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• Time Observation Form Example

Task Time Is the value that repeats the most
Make sure to keep appropriately detailed notes
during time observations
If a time is missed, simply mark the box with the
letter m and keep going. Dont panic, and dont
stop the watch!

• Note that the times are cumulative
• keep the stop watch running

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Chapter 10

• Time Study Determining the rating factor

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Rating

• Perhaps the most important and most difficult
  part of time study is to evaluate the speed or
  tempo at which the person is working, termed
  rating.

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Rating

• Rating is a matter of judgement.

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Performance Rating

• Performance Rating is the system of rating most
  widely used today.

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Range

• The range of most physical and mental activities
  is 21 that is, the fastest operator will
  produce twice as much as the slowest.

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Incentive Earnings

• Most incentive earnings in this country fall
  between 15 and 45, with the average being
  around 25 - 35.

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Skilled vs. Unskilled

• If a careful analysis were made of the operation,
  it generally would be found that a skilled person
  uses a different method from one used by a less
  skilled worker.

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Chapter 11

• Allowances

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Allowances

• Personal
• Fatigue
• Delay

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Environmental Conditions

• Work that is performed under adverse conditions
  of heat and humidity and that involve heavy
  physical exertion require a fatigue allowance.