IBF * Global III * Mr. McEntarfer

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IBF Global III Mr. McEntarfer
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French Revolution

• In France, economic misery, hunger and a lack of
  individual rights led to a revolution (revolt)
  against the absolute monarchy in 1789. Periods of
  chaos and reform were followed by the rise of
  Napoleon Bonaparte.
• Discussion Why do people rebel against their
  governments? What are they deprived of?

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Impact of American Revolution

• The American republic stood as a symbol of
  freedom to both Europe and Latin America
• The United States Constitution created the most
  liberal government of its time. Other nations
  would copy the ideas in this document.
• The success of the American Revolution would soon
  inspire major global changes as other peoples
  challenged the power of absolute monarchs.

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The French Revolution Begins

• Soon after the American Revolution, a major
  revolution broke out in France. Starting in 1789,
  the French Revolution had a deep impact on
  France, Europe and other areas of the World. The
  French Revolution went through many stages in
  leadership and shifts in power.
• Discussion How might a revolution in one country
  effect other countries?

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Causes of the French Revolution
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Absolute Monarchy

• Absolute Monarchy France was an absolute
  monarchy. Under absolutism most people in France
  were denied basic rights and any say in
  government. Absolute Monarchs like King Louis XIV
  and his grandson Louis XVI both believed they
  held the divine right to rule.
• Discussion Why did Thomas Hobbes think believe
  absolute monarchs should rule people?

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Social Inequality

• People in France belonged to social classes
  called estates. The clergy were the First Estate
  the nobility composed the Second Estate. These
  two classes held enormous wealth, did not have to
  pay taxes and held other privileges. The Third
  Estate made up most of French Society and
  included the bourgeoisie (middle class), poor
  city workers and rural peasants. This was by far
  the largest group. The Third Estate resented the
  fact that they had to pay all the taxes and had
  few to no political rights.
• Discussion Why would the Third Estate resent
  (hate) the First and Second Estates?

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French Social Structure
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French Social Pyramid

• 
  1st Estate 0.5
• 2nd Estate 1.5

3rd Estate
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Economic Injustices

• The situation in France became worse because of
  economic conditions. The government with its
  lavish court and expensive wars spent more money
  than it earned. The added tax burden was placed
  on the Third Estate. Bad harvests and the rise of
  food prices left people without enough to eat and
  they would riot demanding bread.
• Discussion How did an unequal distribution of
  wealth and an unfair tax burden contribute to
  unrest in France?

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Enlightenment
I may not believe in what you say, but Ill
defend to the death your right to say it

• The Enlightenment thinkers were critical of
  France's absolute monarchy and called for
  democratic reforms. Enlightenment ideas led
  people to question the traditional social order.
  It was not reasonable, they felt, for the First
  and Second Estates to have privileges at the
  expense of the Third Estate.

People have the natural rights of life liberty
and property
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List Three Factors that Led to the French
Revolution

• 1.
• 2.
• 3.

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English and American Examples

• Englands Glorious Revolution provided an example
  of how existing authority could be challenged. In
  addition, the French were inspired by the
  American colonies successful fight for liberty
  and equality in the American Revolution.
  Ironically Louis XVI heavily supported the
  American Revolution
• Discussion What is the irony of King Louis the
  XVI supporting the Americans in their fight for
  independence.

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The French Revolution Begins
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The Revolution Begins

• As conditions grew worse in France demands for
  reform increased. In 1789, King Louis XVI finally
  called the Estates General, a body made up of
  representatives of all three estates, into
  session. After this change came swiftly.
• Review What conditions brought about the call
  for the Estates General?

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The National Assembly

• The Third Estate, the only elected group in the
  Estates General, declared itself the National
  Assembly. The National Assembly vowed to write a
  new constitution for France.
• Review What kind of people made up the Third
  Estate?

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Declaration of the Rights of Man

• The National Assembly abolished the privileges of
  the First and Second Estates and adopted the
  Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
  Based partly on the Declaration of Independence,
  it contained many Enlightenment ideas.

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• Declaration of the Rights of Man
• Written in 1789
• Uses American Declaration of Independence as a
  model
• States that all men have natural Rights
• Declares the job of government to protect the
  natural rights
• of people
• Guarantees all male citizens equality under the
  law
• Sates that people are free to practice any
  religion
• Promises to tax people according to how much they
  
• can afford

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Seizure of the Bastille

• Working-class people, already rioting over the
  price of bread, stormed a prison called the
  Bastille on July 14th 1789 to free political
  prisoners and get gun powder. Fighting broke out
  through the city and countryside. In a period
  known as the Great Fear, peasants attacked nobles
  throughout France.

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A Limited Monarchy

• In 1791, the National Assembly wrote a new
  constitution to the purpose of government. It
  outlined
• A limited (constitutional) monarchy
• It stated that people had natural rights and that
  the government must protect these rights
• It put the state under church control
• Discussion How was the English monarch limited
  under The English Magna Carta and English Bill of
  Rights?

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The Rest of Europe Watches Events in France with
Concern

• As news of the revolution spread across Europe,
  rulers of the other nations feared these
  revolutionary ideas would spread into their
  nations. They threatened to intervene with
  military force and put the King back on the
  thrown of France. In 1792 the French decided on a
  preemptive strike on its enemies and declared war
  on Austria. Soon Prussia and Great Britain joined
  the fight against France. France at this time was
  also experiencing civil war as well as the
  attacks by foreign powers.
• Discussion How can revolution in one country
  affect other countries?

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Radicals Take Control of France

• The war was going bad for France. Soon radicals
  took control of the National Assembly, abolished
  the monarchy and declared a French Republic. In
  1793 the King was executed for treason, which was
  followed by an era in France known as the Reign
  of Terror led by Maximilien Robespierre. During
  this time tens of thousands of people were
  executed by the guillotine. Within a year
  however, the violence turned on Robespierre
  himself when he met the guillotine.

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Moderates Return

• Beginning in 1795 a five man Directory
  supported by a legislature held power in France.
  This government was weak and inefficient. Rising
  bread prices brought the threat of riots. Into
  this chaotic situation stepped an ambitious
  military leader, Napoleon Bonaparte.
• Discussion Why do you think the French people
  wanted a more moderate government after the reign
  of Robespierre?

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Napoleons Rise to Power

• When the Revolution started, Napoleon was a only
  an artillery captain with big dreams. Napoleon
  rose through the ranks and won important
  victories against the Austrians and the British.
  In 1799, Napoleon helped overthrow the directory
  in a coup d etat or revolt by military force. He
  put himself in charge of the government and
  crowned himself Emperor. The French people hoping
  for stability, supported Napoleon taking charge.

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Napoleons Achievements

• Economy Napoleon controlled prices, supported
  new industry and built roads and canals
• Education Napoleon established a government
  public school system
• Napoleonic Code The Napoleonic Code was a legal
  code that included many Enlightenment ideas, such
  as the legal equality of citizens and religious
  toleration.
• Discussion What other law codes have we learned
  about?
• Discussion How do you think Napoleon controlled
  prices?

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Napoleons Empire

• From 1804 to 1814, Napoleon ruled an empire. He
  had defeated most of Frances enemies on the
  battlefield and conquered much of Europe.
• Only Britain and Russia remained beyond Napoleons
  reach. Britain was safe in being an island and
  having a strong navy. The Russians believed their
  countries large size and harsh weather would
  protect them.
• Napoleons biggest problem was the British Royal
  Navy that was blockading French ports and sinking
  his ships. The British navy defeated Napoleons
  navy at the Battle of Nile and the Battle of
  Trafalgar

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The French Empire
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Napoleons Fall

• People in most conquered countries look at
  Napoleons armies as oppressors. Inspired by
  nationalism people revolted against French rule.
• In 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia. As the Russians
  retreated they practiced a scorched earth policy
  in which they burned crops and villages leaving
  nothing for Napoleons army to use for food or
  shelter as they marched further and further into
  the vast country. Most of Napoleons army was
  destroyed during the long Russian winter as they
  made a long retreat back to French territory.
• Discussion How did nationalism help Napoleon to
  build his empire? How did it eventually lead to
  his defeat?

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Napoleons Last Stand

• A year after Napoleons disastrous retreat from
  Russia, an alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria,
  and Prussia defeated Napoleon, forcing him to
  step down in 1814. Napoleon returned to power in
  1815, but the British and Prussians defeated him
  at the decisive Battle of Waterloo. This battle
  ended Napoleons reign, and he lived the rest of
  his life in exile.
• Why do you think the French people welcomed
  Napoleon back in 1815?

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Effects of French Revolution

• The French Revolution and Napoleons reign had a
  deep impact on France, the rest of Europe and
  Latin America.
• Nationalism Revolution in France and the
  conquests of Napoleon inspired national pride and
  identity that replaced old allegiances to local
  authorities and monarchs. Napoleons conquests
  increased these feelings throughout Europe and
  his weakening of Spain led to Latin American
  Independence movements.

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Effects of the French Revolution

• Democratic Ideas As Napoleons armies spread
  across Europe they also spread democratic ideas.
  People wanted liberty from absolute monarchs and
  unjust governments. Soon many other European
  countries would begin to struggle for equality
  and liberty.

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Congress of Vienna

• After Napoleons defeat, European delegates met
  at the Congress of Vienna to create a peace
  settlement. The main goal of the participants was
  to restore order and stability to Europe.

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Views of Participants at Congress of Vienna

• Diplomats from Austria, Russia, Britain and
  Prussia brought differing ideas about the aims of
  the Congress
• Clemens von Metternich of Austria was the
  dominant figure at the Congress and wanted to
  restore Europe to the way it was before the
  French Revolution
• Alexander I of Russia wanted to create an
  alliance of Christian monarchs to prevent future
  revolutions
• Lord Castlereagh of England wanted to prevent
  France from rebuilding its military forces.
• Maurice Talleyrand of France wanted to obtain
  equal footing for France with the rest of the
  nations.

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Peace at Last?

• The Congress of Vienna made a lot of progress.
  The main goals were to create a balance of power
  in Europe. In their opinion France was too strong
  and needed to be surrounded by countries that
  were powerful enough to stand up to it. They also
  wanted to restore the monarchs. What they did not
  do was punish France by making them give up large
  territory or pay large sums of money to the
  victors.
• Discussion Why didnt the peace makers at the
  Congress of Vienna want to punish France for the
  Napoleonic wars?

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