Sequential Circuit: Register

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Introduction
• N-bit register contains n flip-flop and several
  logic gates and able to store n-bit information
• Flip-flop stores information and logic gates
  control when and how new information transferred
  into register
• Several register functionality
• Fetch data from register
• Store/load new data into register (serial or
  parallel)
• Shift data into register (right or left)

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Simple register
• No external gate
• Example 4-bit data. 4-bit new data is loaded
  each clock cycle

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Register with parallel load
• Other than load register at each clock cycle, we
  also need to control when it will be loaded
• Loading register load new information into
  register. Needed control input load
• Parallel loading all bit is loaded simultaneously

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Sequential Circuit Register

• With parallel load

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Shift Register
• Other function of register, other than storage is
  data movement
• Each flip-flop in shift register represent one
  bit storage and data shift ability provide data
  movement space from one level to another level in
  register or into or out the register based on
  clock pulse

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Shift Register
• Basic movement in shift register (this diagram is
  for 4-bit shift register)

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Serial In/Serial Out Shift Register
• Received data serially one bit at a time and
  produce serial output

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Serial In/Serial Out Shift Register
• Usage transfer data serially from register to
  register

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Serial In / Serial Out Shift Register
• Example transfer data serially

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Serial In / Serial Out Shift Register
• Received data serially
• Output simultaneously

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Parallel In / Serial Out Shift Register
• Received parallel data (bit enter simultaneously)
• Serial Output (one by one)

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Parallel In / Serial Out Shift Register
• Received parallel data (bit enter simultaneously)
• Serial Output (one by one)

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Parallel In / Parallel Out Shift Register
• Received data simultaneously and exit
  simultaneously

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Bidirectional Shift Register
• Data can be shifted either left or right using
  RIGHT/LEFT control gate to determine direction

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Bidirectional Shift Register
• 4-bit Bidirectional Shift Register with parallel
  load

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Bidirectional Shift Register
• 4-bit Bidirectional Shift Register with parallel
  load

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Sequential Circuit Register

• Bidirectional Shift Register
• Usage
• Serial Addition
• Shift Register Counter
• Ring Counter
• Johnson Counter

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Sequential Circuit RAM

• Introduction to Random Access Memory - RAM
• Memory unit which store binary information in
  group of bit called word
• Data consist of n line (for n-bit word). Data
  input line prepare information to be stored
  (write) into memory yet output data line brings
  information out (read) of memory
• Address consist of k-line which determine which
  word (between 2k word) for read or write.
• Read/Write control line determine data transition
  direction either for read or write.

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Sequential Circuit RAM

• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Memory unit block diagram

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Sequential Circuit RAM

• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Contains 1024x16bit memory

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Sequential Circuit RAM

• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Write Operation
• Send address for related word to address line
• Send data bit (word) which will be stored into
  memory to input data line
• Activate write control line (set Read/Write to 0)
• Read Operation
• Send address for related word to address line
• Activate read control line (set Read/Write to 1)

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Sequential Circuit RAM

• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Write Operation
• Send address for related word to address line
• Send data bit (word) which will be stored into
  memory to input data line
• Activate write control line (set Read/Write to 0)
• Read Operation
• Send address for related word to address line
• Activate read control line (set Read/Write to 1)

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Sequential Circuit RAM

• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Read/Write Operation
• Two types of RAM Static and Dynamic
• Static RAM use flip-flop as memory cell
• Dynamic RRAM use capacitor charge to represent
  data. Simple circuit and always need to be charge
  again

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Sequential Circuit RAM

• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Read/Write Operation
• Two types of RAM Static and Dynamic
• Static RAM use flip-flop as memory cell
• Dynamic RRAM use capacitor charge to represent
  data. Simple circuit and always need to be charge
  again

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Sequential Circuit RAM

• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• The following logic and block diagram shows one
  memory cell for static RAM

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Sequential Circuit RAM

• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Logical built for 4x4 RAM (with decoder and OR
  gate)

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Sequential Circuit RAM

• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Array for RAM chips memory chip is combined to
  form larger size memory
• 1K x 8-bit RAM chip

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Sequential Circuit RAM

• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• 4K x 8-bit RAM chip