Future shipping fuels

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Future shipping fuels

• Lighthouse Day
• November 6 2009
• Erik Fridell

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Sources

• The Sun
• Solar
• Wind
• Wave
• Biomass
• Fossil Fuel (stored solar)
• Oil
• Gas
• Coal
• Nuclear

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Energy storage

• Hydrogen
• Fisher-Tropsh diesel
• Other liquids (DME, methanol,..)
• Batteries
• Biogas

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Energy conversion

• Diesel engines
• Boilers
• Fuel cells
• Nuclear reactors
• Sails
• Solar panels
• Electrical motors/devices

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Global Energy, 2001
Gas
Hydro
Renew
Total 13.2 TW
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Fuels in the future
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Oil production/reservessource BP
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Solar Land Area Requirements
6 Boxes at 3.3 TW Each _at_10 efficiency
nsl.caltech.edu/energy
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Drivers new marine fuels

• Peak-oil
• Global warming
• Air pollution

Solutions

• Reduce fuel consumption
• New fuels

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Wind

• Kites
• 10-35 fuel savings
• 50 optimally
• Utilises strong winds at ca 500 m

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Waves

• Fins collect verical movement to produce
  electricity

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Solar panels

• Produce electricity for electrical motors
• No emissions
• Expensive

Example Hellespont Alhambra 379 m X 68 m 12
efficiency of solar panels 1000 W/m2 sun power 3
MW power Main engine 36.9 MW
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Biofuels

• Engines exist that use biofuels like palmoil,
  rapeseedoil etc
• More expensive than fossile fuel
• Biogas can be used in the same way as natural gas
• NOX remains a problem
• No sulphur emissions
• Small particle emissions

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• CO2-neutral?

Figure 20 Summary on net CO2-eq emissions for
some alternative fuels Sources (a) Edwards at
al. (2007) (b) Farrell et al. (2006) (c)
Kemppainen and Shonnard (2005) (d) MacLean and
Lave (2003) (e) Ryan et al. (2006) (f)
Wietschel et al. (2006)
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Hydrogen

• Storage medium
• Can be used in combustion engines
• NOX problem
• Expensive
• May be used in fuel-cells

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Fuel cells
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
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The Hydrogen Age fuel cell ships?
Hydrogen Challenger using wind to generate
hydrogen
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Fuel cells

• High Efficiency
• Low emissions
• Low noise and vibrations
• A number of alternative fuels can be used
• High costs
• Presently short lifetime

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LNG (liquified natural gas)

• Natural gas cooled to 127C and liquified (600
  times lower volume)
• LNG transport ships use the evaporating gas as
  fuel
• Engines can use biogas

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LNG

• Lower emissions CO2 down 25, NOX down 85, SO2
  and Particles very low

• Size of fuel tanks
• NOx emissions (Tier IV?)
• Methane slip, CO2
• Supply

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Fossil fuels

• Will dominate in near future
• Lower sulphur levels
• Coal and Natural gas can be transformed to diesel
  (Fisher-Tropsch synthesis)

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Carbon Sequestration
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Nuclear

• Military and icebreakers
• Security issues

Savannah cargo ship
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Shore-side electricity

• About 20 ships in Sweden
• Mainly a solution to local air quality problems

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(No Transcript)
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The Need to Produce Fuel
Fuel Production
Distribution
Storage
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CO2 emissions depends on size!
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Shipping advantage!
http//ec.europa/research/energy/pdf/externe_en.p
df
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Outlook shipping fuel

• Fuel will become more expensive. Shipping is fuel
  efficient which will give a relative advantage in
  the future.
• Shipping can relatively easily adapt to new fuels
  (size requirements, infrastructure, personnel)
• Most realistic alternative fuels
• Natural gas as LNG or Fisher-Tropsch diesel
• Biogas
• Biodiesel
• Small contribution from solar, wind, shoreside
  electricity

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Thank you