But they dont look like drug users'''

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But they dont look like drug users... from
methandrostenolone to melanotan Jim McVeigh
Michael Evans-Brown Centre for Public
Health Liverpool John Moores University
www.s.teroids.net
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Presentation outline
Anabolic steroids Prevalence Drivers Implicatio
ns Additional substances Performance enhancing
drugs Nonsense emerging drugs
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The extent of anabolic steroid use in the
population
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United States
State and national level studies show that 4 to
6 (range of 3 to 12) of high school males
admit to using anabolic-androgenic steroids
(AASs) at some time in their life. As many as 3
million Americans may have used AAS for
non-medical purposes.
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Canada
1996 More than 83,000 young Canadians. Studies
led to the question being raised Is sport a a
safe environment for children?
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Drug Use, Smoking and Drinking Among Young People
in England, 2007 Calculations based on 2007
mid-year population - 11,500 boys and 3,663 girls
aged 11-15 using anabolic steroids in the last
year.
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Who uses anabolic steroids why?
Relatively few steroid users engaged in
competitive sport - other than bodybuilding

High levels of use within the private security
industry
The largest group and appears to be on the
increase particularly amongst young males
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Reasons for use effects experienced

• Reasons for use
• Improve bodybuilding
• Increase muscle
• Improve performance
• Train longer
• Prevent injury
• Increase strength
• Speed up recovery

Effects experienced Faster training
recovery 88.9 Increased muscle
mass 87.6 Increased strength 83.9 Improved
performance 78.7 Faster recovery after
injury 70.9 Decreased body fat 56.1 More self
confident 52.3
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Pressures on males to initiate anabolic steroid
use

• External
• Media pressure
• Sporting influences
• Economic considerations
• Parental influence
• Peer pressure

• Internal
• Negative body image
• Self-esteem
• Pubertal timing
• Body Dysmorphia Disorder (BDD)

• Regardless of pressures (as with any drug use)
  individuals (consciously or sub-consciously) make
  a complex cost-benefit decision based on their
  knowledge and beliefs.
• Not helpful to consider anabolic steroid users as
  victims of societal pressure or as engaging in
  deviant behaviour.

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40 years of Action Man
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40 years of Action Man
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40 years of Action Man
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40 years of Action Man
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The Public Health Response
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achieving your full potential is the ultimate
battle of mind over body
...the purest form of sportno external
influences or arbitrary rules, the results are
purely down to myself
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Celebrity gossip from the USA
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Wyclef Jean, 35The Haitian-born rapper and
Grammy Award-winning musician is a producer and
self-described social activist. Prescriptions
in Jean's name for human growth hormone and
oxandrolone, an anabolic steroid, were shipped to
the office of a Long Island chiropractor in
August 2005.
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Timothy Z. Mosley, Timbaland, 35Rap artist and
major record producer allegedly received
shipments of human growth hormone and anabolic
steroids between October 2005 and September 2006
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Curtis James Jackson III, 50 Cent, 32The rap
artist is alleged to have received shipments of
steroids at his mansion.
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Mary J. Blige, 37Has produced seven
multiplatinum albums and won six Grammy Awards.
In December 2006 Blige won nine Billboard Music
Awards for her album "The Breakthrough." Between
August 2005 and January 2007 Blige allegedly
received multiple shipments of human growth
hormone and Oxandrolone,
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Sport and the desire to win
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If it takes ten to kill you then I will take
nine. Tommy Simpson World road racing champion
1965.
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• Bob Goldman asked 198 top world-class athletes
  the question
• You are offered a performance-enhancing
  substance, with two guarantees
• You will not be caught.
• 2) You will win every competition you enter for
  the next five years, and then you will die from
  the side effects of the substance.
• Would you take it?
• " Of those asked, 103 (52) said yes, that
  winning was so attractive, they would not only be
  willing to achieve it by taking a pill (in other
  words, through an outlawed, unfair method that
  is, in effect, cheating), but they would give
  their lives to do it.'"

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The power of advertising Product placement
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The celebrity footballer The man who has
everything!
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Implications for Public Health Prevalence Vulnerab
le populations Physical, psychological social
effects Administration regimes Fake
counterfeit products
Lack of evidence, understanding credibility
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MISINFORMATION MYTHOLOGY PROPHYLACTIC LIES
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There is no conclusive scientific evidence that
extremely large doses of anabolic-androgenic
steroids either aid or hinder athletic
performance ACSM, 1976
Statement still in effect in the mid 1980s
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Drugs associated with anabolic steroids

• Performance enhancing
• Anti-side effect drugs
• Recreational drugs
• Nonsense ( emerging) drugs?

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Performance enhancing drugs
Anabolic steroids Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
Insulin like Growth Factor-1 Insulin
Clenbuterol
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Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

• Formed naturally in the pituitary gland
• Now commercially synthetically produced
• Acts upon glucose metabolism, sodium balance,
  increases nitrogen retention and protein in
  tissue
• Increases lean muscle mass and tendon strength
• Can result in overgrowth of bone, enlargement of
  the heart and other organs and the
  development of diabetes
• 1997 prices per 1iu 10 - 20
• 2008 prices per 1iu 1 - 8

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Acromegaly
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Nonsense ( emerging) substances

• Nalbuphine Hydrochloride (Nubain)
• Gamma Hydroxy Butyrate (GHB)
• Synthol (Site Enhancement Oil)
• Melanotan I Melanotan II

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• Synthol (Pump N Pose)
• Synthol is a Site Enhancement Oil (SEO)
• It is composed of 85 medium-chain triglyceride
  oils (a fatty acid), 7.5 lidocaine (painkiller),
  and 7.5 5 benzyl alcohol.
• Injected deep into the muscle, the volume of oil
  builds up inside the muscle, expanding its size.
• Potentially dangerous if injected directly into
  a blood vessel, could result in PE, stroke or
  heart attack .
• Abscess formation is common

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Synthol
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Nonsense drugs

• Melanotan I II
• Synthetic melanocortin analogues developed to
  induce tanning of the skin
• Melanotan II also enhances libido, induces
  spontaneous erections and suppresses appetite
• No idea what else it may do!
• Naïve injectors poor injecting practices
• Poor quality no legitimate products

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At a time when religion is fading, family bonds
are weakening and society is splintering,
designer technology gives young people the false
promise of becoming (briefly) masters of the
universe.
Antonia Maria Costa Executive Director United
Nations Office on Drugs Crime September 2003
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Contact details Jim McVeigh Reader in Substance
Use Epidemiology Centre for Public
Health Liverpool John Moores University Castle
House, North Street Liverpool, L3 2AY Tel 0151
231 4512 email j.mcveigh_at_ljmu.ac.uk www.cph.org.u
k
www.s.teroids.net