Policy of Interventions for

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Policy of Interventions for Air Pollution
Control in Mumbai Cost Benefit and Perspective
of Indias 25 years of Air Act Implementation
Dr. D.B.Boralkar, Dr. Ajay Deshpande and Dr.
Rakesh Kumar
BAQ-2006
MPCB-NEERI
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MPCB AT A GLANCE

• Regulatory authority in the state of Maharashtra
• Established in 1969 under a State Act.
• Central Air Act in 1981, adopted in 1982.
• Head Quarters at Sion, Mumbai.
• Central Laboratory at Navi Mumbai.
• Regional offices 11
• Regional Laboratories 6
• Sub-Regional Offices 45
• Employees
• Technical 307
• Ministerial 394

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OBJECTIVES OF PRESENTATION

• Demonstrate how a mega city, which had gas
  chamber nomenclature for one of its area called
  Chembur, has improved its air quality.
• Various interventions taken place in last several
  years
• Need for strengthening the air monitoring and
  reporting mechanism. Mumbai was the first city in
  India which started air quality monitoring
• What is the air quality status today due to
  various interventions
• Need for health based policy formulations for
  better air Quality planning and implementation

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MUMBAI
Area Population Population density Vehicles C
AAQMS 2 Manual AQMS 3
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Yearly Trend of SO2 NO2 (Mumbai)
Mumbai
SO2
NO2
No. of Vehicles
Approx. 11,25,000 For 2003
These values are registered vehicles Real
numbers on road are different
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INDICATORS OF CHANGE
Industries
Transport Sector

• Large scale closure of industries
• About 187 air polluting industries left
• Use of cleaner fuel (CNG and low S fuel)
• Better compliance
• Industrial Response

• Multifold increase in vehicles
• Fuel became cleaner 500 ppm S, low aromatics
  etc.
• Alternate fuel CNG/LPG for Taxis/Autos and buses
• New technology
• Average age of vehicles 3-4 years

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INDICATORS OF CHANGE
Area Sources

• Domestic burning Better and Cleaner (LPG/PNG)
• Bakeries/Crematoria/Incinerators Poor control
• Refuse Burning Large Scale distributed sources
• Construction practices Poor practices

• Re-suspension Dust
• Road-side burning
• Leaf/ refuse burning for fuel
• Solid waste not collected
• Evaporative Emissions
• others

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CONCERNS

• Congestion increased
• Public Transport facilities inadequate
• Expensive public transport
• Inadequate road space (encroachment, parking)
• Incentives for personal mode of transport
• Average speed reducing some places 5km/hr
• Others!!! (population)

The benefits of reduced air pollution levels may
not be sustainable
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MAJOR INTERVENTIONS AND POLICY CHANGES

• Fuel Quality
• Fuel Change
• Emission standards (COP EURO/Bharat)
• Industrial policy
• Industrial Fuel Quality
• Domestic Fuel Quality (LPG/PNG)
• Availability/ non-availability of
  electricity ?

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VEHICLE EMISSION NORM SCHEDULE
Euro-III (Country)
Euro-IV (Metros)
2010
Euro-II (Country)
Euro-III (7 megacities)
2005
Euro-I equivalent (Country)
Euro-II eqv. For cars (4 metros)
2000/01
2nd set norms notified
1996
Emission norms for catalytic vehicles
1995
1st set norms notified
1990
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Gasoline Lead Phase-out Programme In India
Gasoline Benzene Reduction Proramme In India
No Specifications Before 1996
April 1996 5
June 1994 0.15 g/l (4 metro)
April 2000 -3 in Metro cities
April 1995 Unleaded 4 metros
November 2000 -1 in NCT Mumbai
Jan 1997 -Low leaded Entire Country
Feb 2000 - Unleaded Country
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DIESEL SULPHUR REDUCTION PROGRAMME
April 1996 -
-Sulphur 0.50 4 metros Taj
April 1997 -
- Sulphur 0.25 Delhi Taj
April 1998 - -
Sulphur 0.25 Metro cities
Jan 2000 - - Sulphur
0.25 Entire Country
Jan 2001 - -
Sulphur 0.05 Mumbai
Jun 2001 -
- Sulphur 0.05 NCR
July 2001 -
- Sulphur 0.05
Chennai Kolkatta
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ISSUES IN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

• Institutional Mechanism- Coordination
  information flow with different State Departments
  and Central Department are weak and need
  strengthening.
• Air quality Monitoring- few monitoring stations.
  Need more CAAQMS to collect air quality trends.
  Industry CAAQMS data not verified, compiled or
  collated .
• Emission inventory - Emission inventory is not
  estimated, database for non-point sources not
  existing , emission factors not available
• Source apportionment study- study not conducted,
  training inadequate, chemical profiles not
  existing
• Health impact study- Few epidemiological studies,
  no regular collection of hospital data
• Air quality initiatives highly biased for
  Transport sector

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INITIATIVES BY MPCB FOR BETTER AIR QUALITY IN
MUMBAI

• Up gradation of air quality monitoring and
  reporting
• Installation of CAAQMS at 3 locations
• Increase in manual AQM from 3 to 12
• Daily publishing of air quality data on website
  and media
• VOC monitoring
• CAAQMS
• CAAQMS in industries mainly located in one area,
  propose to distribute them scientifically across
  city.
• Improved validation and operation of CAAQMS

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Continued.

• Propose to establish health and air quality
  epidemiological study initiative
• Application of BENMAP for Cost Benefit Analysis
• Compilation of all information on air quality
  studies in the city in CD format
• Source Apportionment Study
• Emission Inventory Preparation
• Source profile studies
• Capacity development in air quality prediction

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FINALLY

• Air quality improvement have taken place in
  Mumbai
• Air quality studies highly biased for Transport
  sector
• Poor quantification and credible reporting
• Health based linkages and successes not yet fully
  known
• Many simpler policies may reduce PM emissions to
  greater extent
• Need for health based policy formulations for
  better air Quality planning and implementation
• THANKS