REGENTS PHYSICS

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REGENTS PHYSICS

• FINAL EXAM REVIEW

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MEASUREMENTS

• SCALARS
• Magnitude Only
• Distance
• Speed
• Mass
• Time
• Charge

• VECTORS
• Magnitude Direction
• Displacement
• Velocity
• Acceleration
• Weight
• Force
• Momentum
• Gravitational Field
• Others

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Vector Addition

• Method 1 Head to Tail

3 m/s
f
4 m/s
R 5 m/s
3 4 5
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Vector Components
Fx F cos f
F
Fy
Fy F sin f
f
Fx
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Accel down Inclined Plane
y
a
gx
gx g sinQ
Q
gy g cosQ
g
x
gy
Q
gx
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Distance vs. Time Graph
Slope Dd/Dt
velocity
distance
Average Velocity
do
time
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Velocity vs. Time Graph
Slope Dv/Dt
acceleration
accel 0
Constant
velocity
vo
time
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Velocity vs. Time Graph
Area Ddistance
Dd A1 A2
AREA 2
vo
velocity
AREA 1
time
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Motion Detector
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1.
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KIMEMATICS EQUATIONS (L3)
Vf Vi at
d Vit ½ (at2)
Vf 2 Vi2 2ad
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NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION

• FIRST LAW INERTIA
• an object at rest tends to stay at rest...
• Unless acted upon by some outside force
• once moving will keep on moving with a constant
  velocity
• speed and direction

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INERTIA
Tendency to resist motion or a change in motion
Inertia a mass
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Newtons Second Law
a a F
a
F
m
m
2a
2F
m
m
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Newtons Second Law
a a 1/m
a
F
m
m
1/2 a
2m
2m
F
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UNIT OF FORCE NEWTON (N)
F ma
Units?
N (kg)(m/s2)
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EQUILIBRIUM
If
Then
SF 0
a 0
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a a 1/m
a a F
a a F/m
The acceleration of a known mass is used to
define a force.
a F/m
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F ma
a 1 m/s/s
Applied F
If m 1 kg
Applied F 1 Newton (N)
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MASS VS WEIGHT
Mass (m) How much stuff (matter)
Weight (W) (Fg) Force exerted on object by
gravity
Fg a m
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MASS vs WEIGHT
2m
Fg mg
m
g 9.8 N/kg
Fg
gravitational field constant
g
CONSTANT
m
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g gravitational field constant
g force
mass
(kg)(m/s2)
(m/s2)
N


kg
kg
acceleration !!!
g 9.8 N/kg
g 9.8 m/s2
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g of Planets
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Newts Third Law

• For every action, there is an equal but opposite
  reaction

F12 - F21
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KINETIC FRICTION
m
Ff
CONSTANT
N
m coefficient of friction
Ff mN
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Work Defined
F
m
m
d
Work Force . Distance F . d cos q
q angle between F and d vectors
If q 0
Then cosq 1
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Work F d cos q
Work DKE
KE ½ mv2
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GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
DPEg mgDh
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Energy Units

• Force x Distance

Joule (J)
N m
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HOOKES LAW
F kx
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FORCE VS STRETCH
F a DL
F
k
constant
slope
DL
FORCE (N)
k spring constant
(N/m)
k F/DL
STRETCH (m)
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Potential Energy Stored in Springs
PE spring ½ kx2
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Power

• Rate at which work is done

P work/time
P D Energy/time
J/s
Watt
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Power

• Rate at which work is done

P work/time
(
)
P Force x distance / time
distance / time speed
P F v
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Centripetal Acceleration

• Center Seeking, toward center of circle

Caused by Force in same direction
ONLY CHANGE DIRECTION, NOT SPEED
Centripetal Force (Fc)
Fc do NO WORK
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F ma
Fc mac
ac v2/r
Fc mv2/r
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Gravitational Force
Fg Gm1m2
d2
Universal
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Momentum (p)

• Momentum Mass x Velocity

p (m) (v)

• Momentum is a Vector
• Direction of momentum same as velocity

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IMPULSE (J)
J
F
Dt
IMPULSE
Dp
F
Dt
Dp
J
N s kg m/s
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ELECTROSTATICS
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Coulombs Law

• Force between Charges

k
Fe Q1 Q2
r 2
k electrostatic constant
k 9.0 x109 Nm2/C2
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Potential Difference

• Voltage (DV)

V Work Charge
V energy per unit of charge
Volt Joule / Coulomb
Energy DV (Charge) DV q
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A Different Look atElectric Fields
DV
E
Dd
Electric Field Gradient (V/m)
Electrical topography
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Electric Field

• Two ways to think about it

DV /Dd
Fe /q
(V/m)
(N/C)
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ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
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Electrical Current (I)

• Measure of Rate of Flow of charge

Current flow
1 Amp 1 Coulomb
second
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Electric Current (I) (amps)
1 Amp 1 Coulomb
second
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RESISTANCE vs. TEMP
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RESISTANCE
R vs Temperature
DR a DT
(SEE IP SIM)
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RESISTANCE
R vs LENGTH ( l )
R a l
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RESISTANCE
R vs X-SECTION AREA (A)
A
A
R a 1/A
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RESISTANCE
R r l / A
r RESISTIVITY
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Electrical Circuits

• Symbols

ammeter

R
power supply
-
resistor
I
voltmeter
Ammeter connected in series
Voltmeter connected in parallel
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Ohms Law
I a DV
DV
R
(RESISTANCE)
I
UNIT OF RESISTANCE IS OHM (W)
DV IR
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Series Circuit
IT I1 I2 I3 .
DVT DV1 DV2 DV3 .
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SERIES RESISTORS
IT I1 I2 I3 .
DVT DV1 DV2 DV3 .
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PARALLEL CIRCUIT
IT I1 I2 I3 .
I DV /R
DVT DV1 DV2 DV3 .
THE MORE RESISTORS, THE LESS THE RESISTANCE!
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Parallel Circuit
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Parallel Circuit
IT I1 I2 I3
DVT DV1 DV2 DV3
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SERIES CIRCUIT
IT I1 I2 I3 .
DVT DV1 DV2 DV3 .
DV IR
RT IT R1 I1 R2 I2 R3 I3 .
RT R1 R2 R3 .
RESISTANCE ADDS UP!
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Combo Circuit
DV2 DV3
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P IDV
66m
56m
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ELECTRICAL POWER
P I DV
P I2R
DV IR
P I DV
P DV2/R
I DV /R
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ELECTRICAL POWER
P I DV
P I2R
P DV2/R
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MAGNETIC FIELDS
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Magnetic Fields (B)

• Charges in motion create magnetic fields (B
  fields)
• Exert forces on other moving charges (currents)

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SOLONOID RIGHT-HAND RULE
S
N
I
Fingers Current Thumb N Pole
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Right Hand Rule B of Straight Wire
Thumb Current Fingers B Flux
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Straight Wire B (overhead view)
B field FLUX
wire
Current (out of page)
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RHR FB on I or q
Thumb Current Fingers B Flux Palm Force
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Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges
FB is Fc
v
FB a q
q
FB a B
FB
r
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MECHANICAL WAVES
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WAVE VELOCITY
v distance/time
v wavelength/period
T 1/ f
v l / T
v l f
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v l f
(medium dependent)
(source dependent)
l a v
(Demo Oscil)
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DOPPLER EFFECT
(see film-loop)
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OPTICS
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Law of Reflection
Qi Qr
N
Qr
Qi
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Fast to Slow
Slow to Fast
N
Qi
Qi
fast
slow
slow
fast
Qr
refracted ray bends toward N
refracted ray bends away from N
Qr
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Index of Refraction (n)
(speed of light in vacuum)
(speed of light in a given medium)
c 3.0 x 108 m/s
The bigger the n value, the slower the light
travels.
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Snells Law Proof
n2


n1
V a l
n1 sin Q1 n2 sin Q2
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Total Internal Reflection
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DIFFRACTIONDOUBLE SLIT
S1
S2
BARRIER
BARRIER
BARRIER
SCREEN
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Diffraction vs. Wavelength
LONG l
SHORT l
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
l in vacuum
f is constant, Does not D with speed
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Electromagnetic SpectrumVisible Light
400 500
600 700
Wavelength (nm)
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QUANTUM MECHANICS

• PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
• COMPTON EFFECT
• DeBROGLIE (MATTER) WAVES

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Light Energy Quantized
E hf
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Light Energy Quantized
v lf
E hf
v c
E hc
hc constant
l
hc 1.24 x103 eV nm
hc 1.99 x10-25 Jm
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Mass - Energy Equivalence
UNIT CHECK!
E mc2
1 kg 9 x 1016 J 9 x 107 GJ !!
1 amu 1.5 x 10-10 J 931 Mev
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ATOMIC PHYSICS
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Balmer Series
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
H atom energy levels
(eV)
e
e
e
e
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Ephoton Ei - Ef
Ephoton 13.6 3.4
Ephoton 10.2 eV
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NUCLEAR PHYSICS
NUCULER
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NUCLEUS

• NUCLEAR PARTICLES (NUCLEONS)

ATOMIC MASS NUCLEONS
A
n
4
X

He

n
Z
2
ATOMIC PROTONS
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Mass - Energy Equivalence
E mc2
1 amu 1.6606 x 10 27 kg
1 amu 1.5 x 10-10 J 931 Mev
1 amu 931 Mev
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235U FISSION
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NUCLEAR FUSION SUN


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NUCLEAR FUSION (LLE)
Dm .018 amu 17 Mev
ENERGY/NUCLEON 3.4 Mev
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Particle Physics

• Sub-atomic Particles

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Particle Physics

• Fundamental Particles
• Hadrons
• Baryons Made of 3 Quarks
• Protons (uud)
• Neutrons (udd)
• Mesons Made of 2 Quarks
• Bound pair quark-antiquark
• Leptons fundamental particles/antiparticles
• Electron Electron neutrino
• Muon Muon Neutrino
• Tau Tau Neutrino

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u
u
d
u
d
d
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GOOD LUCK!!
?