Big Business

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Big Business Industrial Cities

• Chapter 5

Sherry Woods, Caywood Elementary School
Lexington, TN
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Introduction

• Machines started to replace hand tools.
• Inventors developed new technologies.
• Important time for FREE ENTERPRISE
• An economic system in which businesses have the
  freedom to offer for sale many kinds of goods and
  services.

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Railroads

• Transcontinental railroad from the Atlantic to
  the Pacific
• Lincolns election promise
• 1862 Union Pacific Railroad
• Central Pacific Railroad
• Met at Promontory, Utah
• Others also built tracks

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Growth of Railroads

• George Westinghouse
• Air brake.made train travel safer
• Granville T. Woodsimproved the air brake and
  developed telegraph system to help trains and
  stations communicate.

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Growth Problems

• Needed more locomotives, cars, and tracks
• Had to pay workers to lay tracks
• Needed capital resourcesmoney
• Got some money from the government
• Some from investors invest to buy shares in the
  hope of making money. Shares are called stocks.
• Corporations businesses that sell shares
• Railroad was the 1st business to become
  corporations!

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Telegraph

• Samuel Morse developed the Morse Code
• Dots and dashes
• Used electricity along iron wires

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Railroads

• Improved transportation
• Expanded businesses across the entire country.

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The Steel Industry

• Locomotives became too heavy for iron
• Used steel, but was more expensive
• Inventors found a new way to make steel more
  cheaply
• Henry Bessemer
• Melted iron ore and other metals together
• Blast furnace made steel stronger

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Andrew Carnegie

• Entrepreneur (set up new business and takes risks
  with money)
• Built a steel mill in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania
• Very successful
• Built many more
• Bought coal and iron mines, ships, so he could
  lower cost of his steel

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Carnegie Steel Company

• Biggest steel business in United States
• He became one of the richest people in the world

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The Oil Industry

• John D. Rockerfeller
• 24 years old
• Built an oil refinery in Ohio
• Refinery is a factory that makes crude oil into
  grease, kerosene, gasoline and other USABLE
  products.
• Bought other refineries
• Monopoly almost complete control

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New Industrial Cities

• Inland cities
• Close to resources needed by mills and refineries
• Pittsburgh, Chicago, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan
• Railroad hubscities where trains make stops on
  their way to other places.

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Time Zones

• 24 time zones worldwide
• 6 time zones in the United States

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Growing Pains

• Chapter 5 Lesson 2

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Building Railroads

• Needed 1000s of workers
• Most immigrants were from Ireland and China
• Civil War Veterans
• African Americans
• Mexican Americans

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Dangerous Work

• 400 rails per mile
• Pickaxes, shovels, and dynamite
• Built bridges across canyons
• Blasted through rock for tunnels
• Chinese usually did the explosives
• Lowered by basket
• Drilled hole
• Lit dynamite
• Pulled upin timeUSUALLY!!!!
• Worked year round in all kinds of weather
• Avalanches, snowdrifts, and attacks

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Work in Factories

• So many workers.low wages
• Didnt make enough to support family
• Kids had to work, too
• 1910 made up 1/5 of all workers
• 60 cents for 8 hrs. work
• Walked 22 miles a day carrying glass
• Unsafe machines so many accidents happened

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Owners against Workers

• Workers spoke out about problems
• Some went on strike
• Usually just got FIRED!
• Formed labor union group of workers who join
  together

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Samuel Gompers

• Early labor union leader
• 13 years old worked as a cigar maker
• Federation made up of many member groups
• AFL American Federation of Labor
• Wanted 8 hr. days
• Better working conditions
• End to child labor
• Accident insurance

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Labor Unions and Strikes

• Going on strike was the most important way unions
  had to get the owners attention
• Sometimes became violent
• Harvesting Machine Company strike
• Bomb killed seven police

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Homestead Strike

• Carnegie steel mill
• Announced a pay cut
• Workers went on strike to protest
• Detectives hired to protect the mill
• Angry union workers and detectives got in a fight
  killing people from both sides

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Government and Business

• Wanted government to help improve working
  conditions
• Factory owners did not want the government to get
  involved.
• Government did not want to get involved.
• Thought businesses would grow best if they left
  them alone to make decisions.

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New Immigrants

• Chapter 5. Lesson 3

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Asian Immigrants

• Chinese immigrants came to United States after
  the California gold rush in 1849.
• Faced prejudice from some Americans.
• Had to pay a special tax.
• Some were beaten and even killed.
• When gold mines dried up, looked for other work.
• Worked for low wages on the railroad so they
  could stay in the United States.

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Stopping the Chinese

• Many Americans wanted to stop other Chinese from
  coming to America.
• Wanted the others to go back to China.
• Americans were worried the immigrants would take
  away their jobs.

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Unfair Laws

• Chinese had to pay higher taxes.
• Could not work for the states.
• Not allow to sue in state courts.
• Congress passed a law stopping all immigration by
  Chinese people.

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Japanese and other Asians

• Still allowed to move to the U.S.
• Found jobs in agriculture (farming)
• Some bought small farms in California and the
  southwest.
• Later, they too, were mistreated.
• U.S. convinced Japan to stop Japanese from
  leaving Japan

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Mexican Immigrants

• Lived mostly in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and
  southern California
• Few spoke English
• Barrios, or neighborhoods of Mexicans helped
  Mexican immigrants feel at home.
• They helped each other find jobs picking lettuce,
  tomatoes, and grapes.

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Mexicans Mistreated

• Like other immigrants, they were treated
  unfairly.
• Some were beaten and killed.

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European Immigrants

• LARGEST GROUP of immigrants.
• Nearly 16 million came between 1890 and 1920
• Britain, Ireland, Germany, Norway, and Sweden
• Italy, Greece, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Armenia,
  and Russia

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A Better Life in America

• Poor and unhappy in their homelands.
• Wanted a better life.
• Came on ships
• Ellis Island in New York
• Most had to live with relatives or lived in
  crowded apartment houses called tenements.
• Very low wages everyone had to work.

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Same Prejudice

• Like other immigrants, Europeans were sometimes
  treated badly.
• Sometimes even other immigrants who were already
  here were unkind to them because they didnt want
  them to get their jobs.

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Becoming a Citizen

• No matter how bad it might be, most immigrants
  wanted to become a U.S. citizen.
• They could then take part and vote and serve on
  juries in court.

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Naturalization

• Process for becoming a citizen
• Had to live in U.S. for five years
• Had to pass a test about the government and
  history of the United States.
• Had to answer in English.
• Had to take an oath of allegiance, or loyalty to
  U.S.

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Migration by African Americans

• Many African Americans moved west after the Civil
  War.
• Later, however many moved to the North.
• Settled in industrial cities to work in the
  factories.

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The Great Migration

• Why did they move North?
• Farm workers in south suffering from floods, and
  an insect called the boll weevil. Cotton crops
  had been destroyed.
• Children had to work all day in the field so they
  often got very little education.
• Many factory jobs available in the North.

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Life in the North

• Better than the south for most
• Living conditions were still poor
• Lived in crowded neighborhoods
• Faced prejudice just like in the south
• GOOD PART
• Children went to school
• Parents could vote
• Nearly half still live in the North and West

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The Growth of Cities

• Chapter 5 Lesson 4

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City Problems

• Overcrowded tenemants
• Disease spread rapidly
• Insects and rates everywhere because garbage pick
  up was awful
• Fire Danger
• Wood buildings
• Few full-time fire departments.
• Chicago fire of 1871

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City Problems (cont)

• Crime
• More than police could handle
• Gangs sometimes took over neighborhoods

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Help for the Cities Poor

• People tried to help fix problems
• Jane Addams
• Hull House settlement house (Community Center)
• Provided kindergarten for children
• Classes on sewing, cooking, and English
• Helped try to do away with child labor
• Tried to improve health and safety conditions in
  mills and factories

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Hull House
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More Help for the Poor

• Janie Porter Barrett
• African American teacher
• Settlement house in Virginia
• Lillian Wald
• Henry Street Settlement in New York City
• By 1900, over 100 Settlement Houses were open in
  American cities!!!

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The Changing City

• The Good Stuff Cities Offered
• Parks
• Theaters
• Schools
• Zoos
• Railroad stations
• Tall office Buildings

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William Jenneys Skyscraper

• Used steel frames instead of bricks
• Like a steel skeleton
• Built the first skyscraper in 1885 in Chicago

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Elevators Going Up?

• 1st electric elevator put into a skyscraper in
  New York City in 1889

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Transportation Needed

• Needed a way to get to work faster
• Had been using streetcars pulled by horses
• Andrew S. Hallidie invented the CABLE CARsteam
  powered
• Frank Sprague built electric cable carcalled a
  trolley

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