ARCHER

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ARCHER HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY FOR CONTAMINATION CHA
RACTERIZATION
Nicholas.Carbone_at_dnr.mo.gov
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Hyperspectral Imagery Initiatives

• ARCHER System Capabilities
• Pilot Project Field Survey
• Lessons Learned Recommendations

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Civil Air Patrol
Airborne Real-Time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced R
econnaissance

• ARCHER
• SYSTEM
• CAPABILITIES

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ARCHER Field Spectrometer
Allows for the collection of HSI signatures to
be imported into the airborne ARCHER system for
match filter detections.
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GA-8 Airvan
ARCHER Airborne System
ARCHER Track
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ARCHER Inherent Algorithms

• ARCHER executes three separate algorithms for
  target acquisition and identification
• Spectral signature matching detects specific
  spectral signatures developed by field
  spectrometer or spectral library using matched
  filters.
• Anomaly detection detects spectral anomalies.
• Change detection detects changes over time
  through a pixel-by-pixel comparison.

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ARCHER Ground Station
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ARCHER Exported Data
Exported
Corrected Geo-Referenced
Manually Corrected Geo-Referenced
Exported to ArcView in GeoTIFF
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ARCHER Operations

• Tasked by Government Agencies
• Federal as AF Assigned Missions (AF Auxiliary)
• State through Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
  (Corporate Mission)
• Emergency through FEMA/SEMA MOU
• Operational Costs
• Aircraft Sensor 300/hr
• Crew - Volunteers
• Analytical Costs
• Exported data processing could be 25,000
• Analysis by user, MoRAP, other
• Status
• Awaiting decision on export data processing
• Training collection on hold

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PILOT PROJECT FIELD SURVEY
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Collection Approach

• Emergency Response
• PRAXAIR fire endmember analysis
• St. Louis industrial flood borne contamination
• Kansas City Chem Central fire field spectrometer
• Mining
• Potosi/Mineral Point lead levels
• Big River tailings deposition
• Herculaneum dust on vegetation
• Aurora, Wentworth Granby zinc inhibited
  vegetation
• Radiological
• Hematite uranium production
• Weldon Spring uranium production
• Groundwater Plumb
• Tyson Valley vegetation and seeps
• Other
• JZ Bueneman abandoned landfill seeps

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Aurora Area Coverage
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Aurora Analysis Known Mined Areas
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Aurora Field Survey(Soil Signature)

• Question - Can you locate contaminated soil at
  varying contamination levels?
• Approach -
• Plot lead levels from Baldwin Park study.
• Use signature of Pb gt1200 ppm.
• Revise analysis.
• Select contaminated non-contaminated locations
• Conclusion - Signature is mine waste not lead
  levels.

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Aurora Field Survey(Leaf Analysis)

• Question -
• Does vegetation uptake contamination or collect
  contamination dust?
• Does contaminated vegetation have a
  distinguishable signature?
• Approach -
• Field screen with XRF/Thin Film.
• GPS contaminated vegetation.
• Conclusion -
• Sycamore, Oak and Mullein in contaminated area
  reflects contamination.
• Sycamore and Oak appear to have unique
  signatures.
• Determination that the signatures distinguish
  contaminated trees needs further evaluation.

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Spectral Signature Taken From XRF Reading 10, 11
and 12 - Sycamore Tree - Spectral Angle Mapper
Classification
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Spectral Signature Taken From XRF Reading 17 and
18 - Red Oak - Spectral Angle Mapper
Classification
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Spectral Signature Taken From XRF Reading 2 and
3 - Mullein Plants - Spectral Angle Mapper
Classification
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Wentworth Field Survey

• Question - Can you identify areas of abandoned
  mine waste?
• Approach -
• Visually confirm areas identified as mine waste.
• Collect representative XRF readings.
• Conclusion - HSI does appear to identify
  overburden mine waste.

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Herculaneum

• Question - Can you identify areas contaminated by
  dust from hauling ore or smelter emissions?
• Approach -
• Conduct endmember analysis.
• Review with Project Managers (April 25).
• Collect samples if appropriate (TBD).
• Conclusion - TBD.

August 8, 2005
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Herculaneum
The Herculaneum Smelter has a unique signature
derived from endmember analysis. Notice the
lime green and yellow signatures found within the
smelter can also be found throughout the
residential areas.
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Herculaneum
This slag pile, just to the south of the smelter,
also has a unique signature. Note that several
roads throughout the scene have the same
signature (dark green) as the slag pile.
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JZ and Bueneman Landfill

• Old capped surface seep returned
• Known creek seeps continue
• New areas identified

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LESSONS LEARNED RECOMMENDATIONS
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Lessons Learned

• General
• Collect ARCHER field spectrometer data in advance
  or concurrent with imaging.
• Collect in the optimum sun window.
• Involve Project Managers.
• Conduct field surveys soon after collection.
• Emergency Response
• Debris needs to be in sizable pieces.
• Mining
• Levels of contamination in differing soils may
  not be detectable.
• Use cues such as mine waste, vegetation stress,
  etc. as indicators.

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Recommendations

• Address export issue with HQ CAP.
• Support from other agencies.
• Pool resources to purchase software if CAP does
  not resolve the export problem.
• Expand assessment of applications beyond
  contamination characterization.

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Potential Follow-On Initiatives

• Locating abandoned mine shafts
• Wetlands mapping and analysis
• Illegal tire and waste dumps

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http//www.dnr.mo.gov/env/hwp/hsi/hsi-project.htm
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Spectral Signatures
Potosi Housing
Closed Mineral Point Mill
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Praxair Fire End-Member Analysis
EPA Airborne HSI Plume Analysis

• Determine Extent of Dispersed Debris From the
  Fire.
• Characterize Contamination/debris Where
  Feasible. Asbestos was Major Concern.

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Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) Analysis
Spectral Angle
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Tested Areas
Source Area
Potosi Housing and Source Area
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Potosi Low Pass - High Resolution

• Determine if Lower Altitude/Higher Resolution
  would allow determine degree of contamination.
• Resolution 60 cm.

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Herculaneum
An example of more roads throughout the scene
with the same signature as the slag pile(dark
green).