Title: Anatomy
1Anatomy Physiology
2What is Anatomy Physiology?
- Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape
of the body and body parts and their
relationships to one another. - Physiology is the study of how the body and its
parts work or function. (physio nature ology
the study of)
3Relationship between AP
- AP are always related.
- Each part (anatomy) has a job (physiology) to do
to ensure the body operates as a whole. - STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION
4Levels of Structural Organization
- Turn to chart on page 3.
- Simplest chemical. Atoms combine to form
molecules such as H2O, sugars, proteins, and
fats. Essential to life. - Cellular level. Molecules associate in specific
ways to form cells, the smallest units of all
living things. - Tissue level. Consists of groups of similar cells
that have a common function.
5Levels of Structural Organization
- Organ level. Composed of two or more tissue types
that performs a specific function for the body.
It is at this level that extremely complex
functions become possible. - Organ System. A group of organs that cooperate to
accomplish a critical purpose. Name some
examples - Organismal level. Represents the highest level of
structural organization. 11 organ systems make up
the living body.
6Organ System Overview
- Integumentary (In-tegu-mentar-e, see ix)- the
external covering of the body. - Functions include waterproofing the body,
cushioning, and protection of deeper tissues from
injury. - Excretes salt and urea and helps regulate body
temperature. - Contains temperature, pressure, and pain
receptors.
7Skeletal System
- Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and
joints. - Supports and protects the body
- Framework skeletal muscles use to cause movement.
- Hematopoiesis, or formation of blood cells, takes
place within cavities of the skeleton. - Acts as storehouse for minerals
8Muscular System
- One function, to contract or shorten.
- Causes movement
- The mobility of the body as a whole reflects the
activity of skeletal muscles. - Allows you to walk, run, leap, grasp, throw a
ball, or smile, to name a few. - Distinct from the muscles of the heart and other
hollow organs.
9Nervous System
- The bodys control system. FAST ACTING!!!
- Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
sensory receptors. - Responds to external and internal stimuli
- Sensory receptors detect changes and send signals
(nerve impulses) to the CNS (brain and spinal
cord). - CNS analyzes the signals and responds by
activating the appropriate muscles or glands. - REMEMBER, organ systems work together!!!!
10Endocrine System
- Acts much more slowly than
CNS.
hormones.
- Include pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids,
adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and
testes
- Body functions controlled by hormones involve
EVERY cell in the body
11Cardiovascular System
- Primary organs are heart and blood vessels
blood
- Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, etc. to and
from the tissue cells.
- White blood cells and chemicals in the blood help
protect the body from foreign invaders.
12Lymphatic System
- Complementary role to that of cardiovascular
system
- Include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other
lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils
- Lymphatic vessels return fluid leaked from blood
to blood vessels
- Lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs, help
cleanse the blood and house the cells involved in
immunity.
13Respiratory System
- Consists of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and lungs
- Two primary jobs are to keep the body constantly
supplied with O2 and to remove CO2
- The lungs contain tiny air sacs (alveoli) in
which gas exchange takes place
14Digestive System
- Include oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestines, and rectum
- Role is to break down food and deliver the
products to the blood for dispersal
- Undigested food leaves the body through the anus
as feces
- Breakdown begins in the mouth and ends in the
small intestine
- After digestion, functions to reclaim water
- What are two other organs considered to be part
of digestive system?
Liver
Pancreas
15Urinary System
- Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
- Main job is to remove nitrogen-containing wastes
(urea and uric acid) from the body
- Nitrogen-containing waste results from breakdown
of protein and nucleic acids by body cells
- Removes wastes from the blood and flushes them
from the body in urine
- Other functions include maintaining water and
salt balance and regulating the acid-base balance
of the blood
16Reproductive System
- Exists primarily to produce offspring
- Male structures include scrotum, penis, testes,
accessory glands, and the duct system
- Sperm is produced by the testes
- The ovary produces the eggs, or ova
- The female duct system includes the uterine
tubes, uterus, and vagina
- The uterus is the site for development of the
fetus
17Maintaining Life
- Boundary maintenance (distinct inside and
outside) - Movement- muscular and skeletal systems. Also
includes blood, foodstuffs, and urine. - Responsiveness (irritability)- sense stimuli and
react. Responsibility of nervous system. - Digestion- breaking down ingested food into
simpler molecules for use by all body cells.
18Maintaining Life
refers to all chemical reactions that take place
in the body.
is the process of removing excreta, or wastes,
from the body.
production of offspring. Can be at cellular or
organismal level.
increase in size, usually by an increase in the
number of cells.
19Survival Needs
- Nutrients- obtained through diet.
- Oxygen- nutrients are useless unless O2 is
available for chemical reactions to take place.
20 of air we breathe. - Water- 60-80 of body weight. How is it
obtained?
Ingested foods or liquids.
- Body temperature- 37C or 98F
- Atmospheric pressure- Breathing and O2 and CO2
exchange.
20Homeostasis
- Defined as the bodys ability to maintain
relatively stable internal conditions in spite of
a continuously changing external environment. - Literal translation means unchanging.
- The internal conditions of the body constantly
vary but within relatively narrow limits. - The body is in equilibrium when its needs are
being met and is functioning smoothly.
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22Anatomical Position
- The initial reference point for the study of
Anatomy
- Stand up and assume the position!
23Orientation and Directional Terms
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26Regional Terms (Anterior)
- abdominal anterior body trunk inferior to the
ribs - acromial point of shoulder
- antecubial anterior surface of elbow
- axillary armpit
- brachial arm
- buccal cheek area
- carpal wrist
- cervical neck region
- coxal hip
- crural leg
27Regional Terms (Anterior)
- digital fingers, toes
- femoral thigh
- fibular lateral part of leg
- inguinal area where thigh meets trunk groin
- nasal nose area
- oral mouth
- orbital eye area
- patellar anterior knee
- pelvic area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
- pubic genital region
28Regional Terms (Anterior)
- sternal breastbone area
- tarsal ankle region
- thoracic chest
- umbilical navel
29Regional Terms (Posterior)
- cephalic head
- deltoid curve of shoulder formed by deltoid
muscle - gluteal buttock
- lumbar area of back between ribs and hips
- occipital posterior surface of head
- popliteal posterior knee area
- sacral area between hips
- scapular shoulder blade region
- sural posterior surface of lower leg calf
- vertebral area of spine
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31Test Each Other
- Pair up and take turns testing each other on the
regional terms of the body.
32Body Planes and Sections
33Body Cavities
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