CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1815

1
CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1815

• LED BY PRINCE KLEMENS VON METTERNICH
• PURPOSE
• Restore Europe to its pre-1789 status quo
• CREATION OF CONCERT OF EUROPE
• Peacetime alliance
• Periodic summit meeting to work out difference
• Military intervention to put down revolution or
  to prevent revolutionary outbreak
• CONGRESS SET UP SYSTEM DESIGNED TO DESTROY MEMORY
  OF FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE IDEAS AND PRINCIPLES
  IT HAD UNLEASHED

2
REVOLUTION OF 1830

• CHARLES X
• Stupid
• Refused to compromise with reality of French
  Revolution
• Provoked uprising in Paris
• THREE GLORIOUS DAYS JULY 1830
• Charles X forced to flee to England

Charles X
3
THE JULY MONARCHY

• Middle Class selects Louis Philippe as new King
  of the French
• Related to Bourbon royal family but sympathetic
  to middle class Selected over opposition of
  common people who wanted a Republic
• Constitutional monarchy with more liberal monarch
• News of July Revolution in France sparks revolts
  elsewhere
• Lesson artificial status quo set up by Congress
  of Vienna could be successfully challenged, given
  the right circumstances

Louis Philippe, 1830-1848
4
OPPOSITION TO THE JULY MONARCHY

• GROWING OPPOSITION TO JULY MONARCHY
• Too favorable to middle class
• Workers (many socialists due to ill-effects of
  early Industrial Revolution)
• Republicans (young college students who favored
  republican form of government)
• Peasants remain apathetic and even hostile to
  socialists
• BANQUET CAMPAIGN
• Way to mobilize support given lack of other legal
  means

5
REVOLUTION AGAIN

• OUTBREAK OF REVOLUTION IN PARIS IN FEBRUARY 1848
• Promoted by government cancellation of big
  banquet in Paris
• February 23-24
• Louis Philippe forced to flee to England

6
THE SECOND REPUBLIC

• Republicans establish Provisional Government
• Run France until constitutional convention was
  elected and did its job
• Contained several socialist members
• Problem Republic will not survive without
  support of peasants, who were hostile to
  socialists
• Result socialists squeezed out of government and
  socialist programs abandoned

7
TROUBLE

• JUNE DAYS
• Socialist workers in Paris rise up to halt
  slipping position
• Crushed in one week
• Destroys socialists as a political factor for 20
  years
• NEW CONSTITUTION IMPLEMENTED
• Universal manhood suffrage
• Elected president (one 7 year term)
• Single house legislature (800 members)

8
LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

• PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
• Louis Napoleon Bonaparte wins landslide victory
• December 1848
• Uses presidential office to become sole ruler of
  France
• COUP DETAT OF DECEMBER 1851
• Uses troops to disband legislature and proclaim
  himself Prince President for Life
• Proclaimed himself emperor one year later
  NAPOLEON III

9
SECOND EMPIRE, 1851-1870

• France enjoyed prosperity otherwise, a disaster
• Manipulated political system
• Adventurous and foolhardy foreign policy
• Franco-Prussian War of 1870
• Defeat and capture of Napoleon III
• September 4, 1870 Second Empire overthrown

10
BIRTH OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC

• March May 1871 Paris Commune
• The Third Republic
• Parliamentary regime with most power concentrated
  in the lower house of a two-house legislature
• Plagued by instability and scandal
• 1871-1940

11
1848 IN THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

• NEWS FROM PARIS SPARKS REVOLT IN VIENNA
• INDEPENDENCE REVOLTS ERUPT IN HUNGARY, BOHEMIA,
  AND ITALY
• DIVISIONS AMONG REVOLUTIONARIES ALLOW
  CONSERVATIVES TO SUCCESSFULLY COUNTERATTACK
• EMPIRE ATTEMPTS SEVERAL ADMINISTRATIVE
  REORGANIZATIONS AFTER 1849
• DUAL MONARCHY (1867)
• REMAINS REACTIONARY AND ARCHAIC

12
CREATION OF ITALY

• LED BY KINGDOM OF PIEDMONT-SARDINIA
• CAMILLO DI CAVOUR
• ENERGETIC AND CLEVER
• EMPLOYED WHATEVER WOULD WORK
• DIPLOMACY
• CLEVER MANUEVERS
• WAR
• KINGDOM OF ITALY CREATED BY 1870
• UNITED AND INDEPENDENT KINGDOM OF ITALY NEVER
  LIVES UP TO HOPE

13
GERMANY IN 1848

• SPARKED BY NEWS FROM PARIS
• REVOLTS IN MANY GERMAN CAPITALSINCLUDING BERLIN
• FORMATION OF FRANKFURT ASSEMBLY
• DIVISIONS AMONG REVOLUTIONARIES AND MEMBERS OF
  ASSEMBLY ALLOW CONSERVATIVES TO COUNTERATTACK
• REVOLUTION DEAD IN GERMANY BY 1849

14
CREATION OF THE SECOND REICH

• UNIFICATION MOVEMENT LED BY PRUSSIA
• OTTO VON BISMARCK
• BLOOD AND IRON
• War with Denmark (1864)
• War with Austrian Empire (1866)
• Franco-Prussian War (1870)
• JANUARY 1871SECOND REICH ESTABLISHED
• Constitutional monarchy on surface
• Old-fashioned monarchy underneath
• Most powerful state in Europe by 1914

15
SUMMARY

• Revolutions of 1848 proved system devised by
  Congress of Vienna was dead
• But the Revolutions cannot be considered an
  unqualified success
• Basic reason for failure was lack of unity within
  revolutionary movements
• Alliance of middle-class republicans and
  socialist workers
• Cooperated as long as they had a common goal
• Unity collapsed once goal had been attained
• Became divided over what to do next
• Unable to resist conservative counterattacks