AGROECOLOGY%20STRATEGY

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The International Undertaking and Genetic
Resource Governance

• Patrick Mulvany
• ITDG
• RSPB, Chatham House
• Monday 8th October 2001

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The International Undertaking and Genetic
Resource Governance

• Farmers should be the primary interest group that
  participates in all negotiations
• Zimbabwean Farmers opened the International Seed
  Fair at CBD/COP V in Nairobi, May 2001

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The International Undertaking and Genetic
Resource Governance

• Agricultural Biodiversity and Genetic Resources
  for Food and Agriculture (GRFA)
• International Undertaking on Plant Genetic
  Resources
• Genetic Resource Governance

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Agricultural Biodiversity and GRFA
COP V lobby
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Agricultural Biodiversity and GRFA

• genetic resources, varieties, breeds and
  sub-species used for food and agriculture
• diversity of species that support production -
  soil biota, pollinators, predators c
• species in the wider environment that support
  diverse agroecosystems - agricultural, pastoral,
  forest and aquatic ecosystems
• Developed by Farmers

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Agricultural Biodiversity and GRFA

• Agricultural Biodiversity encompasses "the
  variety and variability of animals, plants and
  micro-organisms which are necessary to sustain
  key functions of the agroecosystem, its structure
  and processes for, and in support of, food
  production and food security" (FAO, 1999)

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Agricultural Biodiversity and GRFA

• Nairobi Final Act - revise IU
• SBSTTA
• Leipzig Global Plan of Action on PGRFA
• COP3
• World Food Summit Commitment 3
• FAO Workshops on Agricultural Biodiversity
• Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal
  Genetic Resources
• COPs 4,5
• PoW on Agricultural Biodiversity with FAO

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International Undertakingon Plant Genetic
Resources

• Protect the rapidly eroding genetic resources
  which underpin global and local food security
• Keep these genetic resources in the public domain
  and facilitate access
• Ensure the implementation of Farmers Rights
• Ensure farmers receive a reasonable share of the
  benefits from the commercial use of these
  resources

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International UndertakingCSO evaluation criteria

• fair - a level playing field on access rules
  without any threat of privatisation and
  biopiracy full implementation of Farmers Rights
• equitable - provide reasonable benefits to poor
  farming communities in developing countries,
  commensurate with value of PGRFA, and
• comprehensive - contain a full list of the crops
  and forages that are vital for food security and
  interdependence.

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International UndertakingWholl Own the Seeds of
Life
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International Undertaking CSO Campaign on the IU

• CSOs have kept up consistent pressure
• Press coverage
• Sign-on letters
• Briefing papers
• Web reports

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http//www.ukabc.org
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International UndertakingOutstanding Problems

• the exclusion of the genetic resources covered by
  the IU from IPRs, keeping the resources in the
  public domain
• the relationship between the IU and other
  international agreements, most notably the World
  Trade Organization (WTO) agreement on Trade
  Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
  (TRIPs)
• the food crops, forages and their 'wild'
  relatives that are to be included in the IU

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International UndertakingCentral to Governance
GEF
CGIAR
FAO
CBD
IU
WIPO
UPOV
WTO
INTERNATIONAL UNDERTAKINGON PLANT GENETIC
RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
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Perverse Policies

• GMOs and genetic pollution
• GURTs especially Terminator technologies
• Promoting WTO rules that reduce local options for
  sustaining diversity
• Failing to implement a substantive review of
  WTO/TRIPs Article 27.3(b) on life patents
• Tolerating widespread patent abuse and biopiracy
  
• Concentration of Corporate Power

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Genetic Resource Governance Farmers providing
food stewardship of the environment
Farmers are key to the management of the
environment as well as providers of food security
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Genetic Resource Governance Farmers defending
the global commons
Farmers have concerns about access and control
to the genetic resources they require for common
good tasks providing food and biological and
ecological services
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Genetic Resource Governance Farmers Rights
Farmers have inalienable Rights to the
resources, including seeds, they have developed,
nurtured and manage on behalf of humanity
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Genetic Resource Governance Farmers Rights
Farmers Rights are a fundamental pre-requisite
to the conservation and sustainable utilisation
of agricultural biodiversityCSO Forum at World
Food Summit, 1996
Jane Kiriamba Tharaka, Kenya
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Genetic Resource Governance Farmers Solutions

• Gikingo Seed FairKenya

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Genetic Resource Governance 2001/2002 agenda

• Nov 2001 FAO Council and Conference WFS5
• WTO Ministerial New AoA?
• Dec 2001 WIPO Intergovernmental committee on
  intellectual property and genetic resources,
  traditional knowledge and folklore
• April 2002 COP VI
• Sept 2002 WSSD, Johannesburg

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Genetic Resource Governance Final Thoughts

• Sovereignty and free flow of GRFA?
• Agricultural biodiversity development
  incompatible with private ownership?
• Can institutions recognise imperative of local
  farming communities contribution?
• Is governance of (agro)ecosystems THE issue - can
  this be mainstreamed?
• Sustainable Development themes Cultural,
  Political, Sustainable Use

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Presentation byPatrick Mulvany ITDG ltwww.ukabc.o
rggt
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Agricultural Biodiversity

• Agricultural Biodiversity comprises the diversity
  of genetic resources, varieties, breeds,
  sub-species and species of crops, livestock,
  forestry, fisheries and micro-organisms used for
  food, fodder, fibre, fuel and pharmaceuticals.

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Agricultural Biodiversity

• Agricultural biodiversity results from the
  interaction between the environment, genetic
  resources and the management systems and
  practices used by culturally diverse peoples
  resulting in the different ways land and water
  resources are used for production.

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Agricultural Biodiversity Levels of Diversity
GENETIC
SPECIES
AGROECOSYSTEMS
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ANALYSIS OF ACTIVITIES
SOCIAL
ECONOMIC
SUSTAIN-ABLE USEOF NR
ENVIRON- MENTAL
POLITICAL
CULTURAL

• The Alternative Civil Society Proposal for
  Sustainable Development(Ecuador Jan 2001)

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PURPOSES OF LOCAL SUSTAINABLE AGROECOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Improve productivity and food sovereignty
Develop/control culturally appropriate technology
SOCIAL
ECONOMIC
SUSTAIN-ABLE USEOF NR
Improve gender equity
Increase Income and Power
ENVIRON- MENTAL
POLITICAL
CULTURAL
Strengthen institutional capacity
Conserve and develop agricultural biodiversity
Diversify production systems regenerate NR
Sustain Agroecosystem Functions