Biology 3 Ecology

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Biology 3 Ecology

• Miscellaneous concepts from 3 and 4

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Freshwater Biome

• More than four fifths of the earth's fresh water
  is tied up in glaciers, polar ice sheets, and
  groundwater. Of the available freshwater in
  lakes, about 30,000 cubic miles, four fifths
  occurs in a small number of lakes, perhaps no
  more than 40.  Lake Baikal, in central Asia is
  the deepest continental body of water on Earth,
  with a maximum depth of 5,315  feet, and it
  contains about one fifth of the freshwater on the
  Earth's surface. The next largest lakes are lake
  Tanganyika in Africa and Lake Superior in North
  America. All the Great Lakes together contain
  about  5,500 cubic miles of  water, about the
  same as Lake Baikal  alone. 

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Biology 3 chapters 5 and 6 (ecology unit)

• Chapter 5 Population Biology
• Chapter 6 The Wise Use of our Resources

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Stabilizing Phase
Exponential Growth Phase
Lag phase
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Population Growth Patterns

• Rapid
• Rapid reproduction with many offspring in a short
  period of time.
• Example mosquito.
• Slow
• Slow rate of reproduction and relatively few
  young over the lifetime of the organism.
• Example Elephant

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Environmental Limits to Population Growth

• Density-dependant factors
• Factors that have an increased effect as the
  population increases in size.
• Examples disease, competition, parasites
• Density-independent factors
• Factors that affect all populations, regardless
  of their density.
• Most are abiotic factors such as temperature,
  storms, floods, boloids, drought and habitat
  destruction.

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Section 5-2 Growth Patterns of Populations

• Demography
• The study of population growth characteristics.
  Demographers are mathematicians who study
  populations, their characteristics and needs.
  They study past trends (such as growth rate, age
  structure, and geographic distribution) to help
  predict future trends. Example. Census takers.

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• How is the human population increasing on the
  biosphere? (think about a graph here)
• Exponentially
• What has allowed the human population to continue
  increasing exponentially?
• reduction of and/or elimination of competing
  organisms
• Increasing food production
• Technological advancements, including medicine
• However, these advancement have resulted in a
  loss of biodiversity

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What is the Earths Carrying Capacity?

• The Earth is finite in size and eventually humans
  will reach the carrying capacity of the planet.
• What problems could result from exceeding the
  carrying capacity of the biosphere?
• A population crash
• A depletion of the biospheres resources to such
  an extent that the Earths carrying capacity is
  permanently reduced

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How can you tell if a population is growing?
Stable? Declining?

• Growing The birth rate exceeds the death rate
• Stable Birth and death rates equal
• Declining Death rate exceeds the birth rate

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Growth and Fertility

• In many countries (ex. U.S.) the declining death
  rate has a greater effect on the population than
  increasing birth rates.
• Fertility, the number of offspring a female
  produces during her reproductive years, also
  affect population growth.
• Fertility is declining in the U.S. due to
  postponement of having children.

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Age Structure, Immigration and Emigration

• Age structure refers to how many of a given
  populations individuals are of a certain age.
• Immigration The movement of individuals into a
  population.
• Emigration the movement of individuals out of a
  population.
• The above two factors are types of mobility
  displayed by a population, these do not affect
  world population, but do affect national and
  regional populations.

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AGE STRUCTURES OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES
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NATURAL RESOURCES

• A natural resource is any part of the natural
  environment used by humans for their benefit.
• Examples include food, soil, water, etc.
• What are the two types of resources?
• Renewable A natural resource that is replaced or
  recycled by natural processes, such as water,
  plants or animals.
• Non-renewable A resource that is available in
  only limited amounts and is not replaced by
  natural processes, such as metals, fossil fuels,
  soil, topsoil, plastics, and some minerals like
  phosphorous that are recycled VERY slowly.

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EXTINCTION

• The permanent disappearance of a species.
  (organisms are only renewable as long as some
  members of that species remain living)
• Is a natural process, but humans are responsible
  for the extinction of many species
• Approximately 30 species of plants and animals in
  the U.S. have become extinct in the last 20
  years.
• It is estimated that one species is becoming
  extinct PER DAY!
• Most extinction are caused by habitat destruction.

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GREAT AUK---EXTINCT
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ENDANGERED AND THREATENED ORGANISMS

• Organisms are considered endangered when the
  population of that species becomes so low that
  extinction is possible.
• Examples include the black rhino, manatees,
  bison, and Florida panther
• Organisms are considered threatened when a
  population of a certain species has declined
  rapidly. (ex. African Elephant approximately 3
  million in 1970, around 700,000 in 1990)
• Examples include the bald eagle, sea otter,
  grizzly bear, and loggerhead turtles

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BURROWING OWL
PAINTED BUNTING
GOLDEN CHEECKED WARBLER
LONG BILLED CURLEW
THREATENED SPECIES IN THE U.S.
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EXTINCT VS. EXTANT

• Extinct organisms are gone forever.
• Extant organisms still exist. Extant is
  basically the opposite of extinct.

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When Demand Exceeds Supply

• The Human population is increasing
• Increased population increased demand for
  essential resources
• When demand exceeds supply, competition increases
• Cost of resources increases. (ex. utility bills)
• Results in some having to do without those
  resources

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What is Pollution?

• Pollution The contamination of any part of the
  environment (air, water or land) by an excess of
  materials.
• Example too much dung (feces) results in
  nitrogen pollution or possible E. coli problems.
• Example Air pollution form burning fuels, which
  contains gases and particulates (solid particles
  of soot which are harmful).

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Smog and Acid Precipitation

• Smog is a form of air pollution. Found in
  cities. Consists of particulates, sulfur
  dioxide, and other chemicals.
• Acid Precipitation Rain or snow that is more
  acidic than unpolluted rain water. Sulfur from
  factories, nitrogen from automobiles.

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Non-polluted rain pH 5.6-5.7 Acid rain pH
under 5.6 Most rainfall in the U.S. has a pH of
around 4.0-4.5 (lowest 1.9) Effects leaches
nutrients from the soil, tissue damage, nitrogen
fixation, and ecosystem disruption
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Ozone Depletion and the Greenhouse Effect

• Ozone (O3) acts as a sunscreen for the Earth
  which blocks harmful ultraviolet radiation
  (ionizing radiation). Near the Earths surface
  ozone is a pollutant. Normally found in the
  stratosphere where it is beneficial.
• The ozone layer is being depleted by CFCs and is
  becoming thinner.
• Greenhouse effect Heat retention by atmospheric
  gases. Heat is necessary for life, but too much
  heat is bad! CO2 is a molecule that can help
  trap heat in the atmosphere.

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This effect is required for life as we know it,
but too much heat can result in global problems.
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Water Pollution

• Water pollution Approximately 3 of the worlds
  water is fresh water and .1 of that is useful
  for human consumption.
• Human waste which can cause disease (such as
  cholera), fertilizers, and heat are common
  pollutants.
• Groundwater pollution Fresh water found
  underground, such as in aquifers. Half of the
  U.S. population uses this type of water. Over
  usage can result in ground collapse (sink holes)
  and high concentrations of salt in the soil.

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Land Pollution

• Land pollution Solid waste (trash) 2 types
• Biodegradable solid waste that is broken down by
  natural processes. Examples Food, dead leaves,
  and animal waste.
• Non-Biodegradable Waste that does not break down
  quickly. Can persist for hundreds, thousands, or
  more years. Examples toxic metals, radioactive
  residue, pesticides.