Increasing the Yield of Fat Extracted from Processed Foods With Petroleum Ether

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Increasing the Yield of Fat Extracted from
Processed FoodsWith Petroleum Ether

• Jacob Glaspey
• Nathan Horter

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Fat Extraction Methods

• Laursen and Mernitz (1) petroleum ether
• Folch Method (2) chloroform-methanol
• Super Critical Fluid (3)

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Method Advantages
Petroleum Ether
Chloroform-Methanol

• Lower Toxicity
• Lower Cost
• Less Complicated

• Quantitative
• Well Tested
• Less Time Required for Extraction

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Method Disadvantages
Chloroform-Methanol
Petroleum Ether

• Low Yield
• Time Intensive

• More Toxic
• Higher Cost

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Goals of Our Investigation
We want to

• Increase the yield of petroleum ether extraction.
• Keep the complexity, cost, and hazards close to
  those of the control method.
• Be able to use our new method as an improved
  educational method.

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Control

• The volume of the petroleum ether solvent is 10
  mL.
• The sample was extracted in the solvent for 1
  hour.
• The extract was then dried overnight and weighed.

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Our Experiments

• Experiment A We increased the length of time of
  extraction.
• Experiment B We increased the volume of solvent
  used.
• Experiment C We altered the Folch Method by
  using petroleum ether instead of
  chloroform-methanol

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Experiment A

• The length of time of extraction was increased
  from 1 hour to 2 hours.
• This experiment was designed to determine if the
  rate of the fat being pulled into solution was
  the limiting factor of the control.

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Experiment B

• The volume of the solvent was increased from 10
  mL to 20 mL.
• This experiment was designed to determine if the
  saturation of the solvent was the limiting factor
  of the control.

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Experiment C

• The volume of the solvent was increased from 10
  mL to 20 mL. The solvent and sample were then
  washed after the extraction with 4 mL of
  de-ionized water.
• This experiment was designed to determine if the
  procedure of the Folch method could improve the
  yield of our extraction.

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Hey, is this going anywhere???
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Im getting bored.
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Our Results
Percent Yield of Total Fat Content by Method Percent Yield of Total Fat Content by Method
Method Mean Yield ? 95 confidence level
Control 38 ? 8
Experiment A 15 ? 20
Experiment B 49 ? 10
Experiment C 59 ? 4
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Statisticawhatsit?

• We calculated whether our experiments produced
  significant increases over our control using a
  two sample t test.
• The t value from these tests gave us a value of
  P.
• P is the probability that the two results are the
  same due to random variation.

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Significance of Results

• Experiment B increased the yield by 11. (Plt.005)
• Experiment C increased the yield by 21. (Plt.001)

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Future Experiments
Well try

• Drying the sample before extraction
• Using an acid digest on the sample before
  extraction
• Testing other low toxicity solvents
• Incorporating an extraction apparatus

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Soxhlet Extractor

• Known to increase yield to gt 90.
• Classroom availability?
• A little expensive.
• VERY time consuming. (Around 16hrs for pet ether.)

camel.campbell.edu/chemistry/ faculty/jung/
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Sonicawhatsit?

• Its SONOCHEMISTRY.
• It (Jon, that is) may be of use to us.
• Sonication of the sample to decrease particle
  size may increase yield.
• Emulsifying the pet ether with the sample by
  sonication may increase yield.
• It may cause chemical reactions that break down
  fat. Nonetheless
• Please Jon, help us.

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OK,
WERE
DONE.
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AT LAST!
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Resources

1. Laursen, Sandra Mernitz, Heather. Would You
   Like Fries With That? The Fuss About Fats In Our
   Diet. John Wiley Sons, Inc. 2000. New York.
2. Folch, J. Lees, M. Sloane-Stanley, G.H. A
   simple method for the isolation and purification
   of total lipids from animal tissue. Journal of
   Biological Chemistry. 1957, 226, 497-509.
3. Eller, Fred J. King, Jerry W. Supercritical
   Fluid Extraction of Fat from Ground Beef Effects
   of Water on Gravimetric and GC-FAME Fat
   Determinations, Journal of Agricultural and Food
   Chemistry 2001 49(10) 4609-4614.

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Any
QUESTIONS?