APA Style

1
APA Style

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological
  Association (2001)

http//www.lib.uconn.edu/sroseman/Education/APA.p
pt Based on http//www.coconino.edu/lec/CCCSurviva
lSkills/APAStyle.htm
2
APA Style

• Developed by the American Psychological
  Association for scholars writing in many of the
  social sciences.
• A complete book on APA style is available in the
  Reference Section BF76.7 .P83 2001 (Most
  current edition is behind the Ref Desk).
• UConn APA handout is available at
  http//www.lib.uconn.edu/using/finding/guides/APAc
  itat.pdf

3
In-Text Citations

• An in-text citation is a source that is
  documented in the paper rather than at the end of
  the paper.
• Two things that you need to include in each each
  in-text citation are 
• 1 the authors last name
• 2 the date of publication

4
Example of In-Text Citations
Although scholars have a variety of opinions on
what makes good English and bad English, most of
their claims are difficult to substantiate or
prove (Bryson, 1990).

authors last name
Year source was published
5
Short Quotations
For a short quotation (fewer than 40 words) in
the text, give the author, year, and page number
in parentheses. Paragraph numbers may be used in
place of page numbers for electronic text.
Considerations of what makes for good English or
bad English are to an uncomfortably large extent
matters of prejudice and conditioning (Bryson,
1990, p. 143).
6
Block Quotations

• In a block quotation include authors name and
  the date of publication in the sentence
  introducing the quote.
• Place page number in parentheses after the final
  punctuation of the block quotation.
• Indent all lines 5-7 spaces from the left
  margin.

7
Example of Block Quotation
Date of source
Bryson reports that the rule that a sentence
should not end in a preposition is based on the
opinion of a clergyman (1990). The source of
this stricture, and several other equally dubious
ones, was one Robert Lowth, an eighteenth-century
clergyman and amateur grammarian whose A Short
Induction to English Grammar, published in 1762,
enjoyed a long and distressingly influential life
both in his native England and abroad. (141)
Page number
8
Citations Within Sentences
If you use a quotation or paraphrased material
within a sentence, acknowledge your source
immediately after your reference to the borrowed
material.
The main idea is a broad topic or general rule
(Kesselman-Turkel Peterson, 1982) which if used
as a thesis statement, must be broad enough to
include every topic sentence in the body
(Fawcett Sandberg, 1996, p.244), yet be
specific enough to be clear.
9
Multiple Authors

• If your source has one or two authors, cite both
  names every time.
• If the source has more than two authors, cite all
  authors the first time the reference occurs. In
  later citations of that source, use only the
  first authors name followed by et al.
• In the parenthetical acknowledgement, use the
  sign instead of the words and.

10
Multiple Citations

• If you need to cite more than one source for
  specific information list the authors
  alphabetically in your parenthetical reference.
• Separate each work with a semicolon ().
• If more than one work appears by the same author,
  list the authors name followed by the
  publication dates.

Research into reading has tentatively concluded
that students who perceive themselves as poor
readers tend to perform accordingly (Paris, Olson
Stevenson, 1983 Wigfield Asheer, 1984
Wixson, Peters, Weber Roeber, 1987).
11
Citation from a secondary source

• You may need to use a source that another author
  has used in a document, but the original source
  is not available to you.
• Acknowledge where you found the information (the
  secondary source).
• Cite the secondary source in the reference list.
• In the text, write the original source and in
  parenthesis write cited in followed by the
  secondary source.

12
Example Citing a Secondary Source
Pearson, Hansen and Gordons study of young
readers (cited in Stevens, 1982) determined that
background knowledge can be taught directly.
13
Primary vs. Secondary Sources
Primary Secondary Original
artwork Article critiquing the piece
of art Slave diary Book about
the Underground Railroad Poem
Criticism on a particular poet Treaty
Essay on Native American
land rights Video of a play
Biography of a playwright
14
Deciphering Citations

• Bryson, B. (1990). The mother tongue. New York
  Avon Books.
• Fawcett, S., Sandberg, A. (1996).
  Evergreen A guide to writing. Boston Houghton
  Mifflin Company.

15
Deciphering Citations

• Chopin, K. (1975). The story of an hour. In S.
  Cahill (Ed.), Women and fiction Short stories
  by and about women. (pp. 1-5). New York The
  New American Library
• Cahill, S, (Ed.). (1975). Women and fiction
  Short stories by and about women. New York The
  New American Library.
• Publication manual of the American Psychological
  Association (5th ed.). (1994). Washington D.C.
  American Psychological Association.

16
Deciphering Citations

• Sitwell, N. (1984). Our trees are dying. Science
  Digest, 49, 39 48.
• Sanger, M. (1929, May 12). Women and birth
  control. The North American, 227, 529-534.
• Miller, M.E. (1993). The interactive tester
  (Version 4.0) Computer software. Westminster,
  CA Psytek Services.
• Kluger J. (1996). Dr. Sigmund Doolittle, a
  profile. Discovery, 22, 84-87. Retrieved
  April 3, 1996, from from EBSCOhost General
  Academic Index. EBSCO Publishing.

17
Deciphering Citations

• Kawasaki, J. L., Matt R. R.. (1995).
  Computer-administered surveys in extension.
  Journal of Extension, 43, 33-35.
  Retrieved October 22, 1999, from
  http//www.joe.org/joe/index.html

filename
Components of a URL www.lib.uconn.edu/sroseman/e
ducation
Domain edu, com, org, gov
Host Name
18
General Rules

• Begin the Reference list on a new page.
• Use one space after punctuation.
• First lines are flush left. Thereafter there is
  a hanging indent.
• Double space between citations.
• Use italics for titles of books, newspapers,
  magazines, and journals.

19
General Rules

• Arrange entries in alphabetical order.
• References cited in text, must appear in the
  reference list.
• Only the first word and any proper nouns and
  adjectives in the title of the work are
  capitalized.
• If no author is listed, the work is listed by
  title.

20
Questions
Library Homepagewww.lib.uconn.edu
shelley.roseman_at_uconn.edu 203 251-8522